1. Africa – the challenges of development

2. Preview I- Did Africa get off to a bad start and never make it to the finishing line? II- So… what’s changing in Africa? III- Challenges to Meet

3. I- From Dumont to Négrologie: Did Africa get off to a bad start and never make it to the finishing line?” A- René Dumont, bearer of bad news? 1962 2003

4. Annual growth rate of GNP/capita Subsaharan Africa Developing Countries Industrialized Countries World 1965-1980 1980-1993 1,2 -1,4 3,2 2 3 1,7 2 0,9 Source: PNUD, Rapport mondial 1997, cité dans R. Pourtier, Afriques noires, Hachette, 2010 1. Economic Growth: Africa’s fall from 1980-1990 B- Decades of chaos (1980-2000) confirming Dumont’s prediction

5. Malaria: 493,000 deaths in 1980 and 1.613 M in 2004 source: WHO AIDS: in 2000 Africa makes up 70% of the estimated HIV positive people in the world, i.e. 28 M people source: Ferry, 2007 cité ds A. Dubresson et al, L’Afrique subsaharienne 2. Public Health Disasters

6. 3. Water Supply and Sanitation in Africa Source : WHO and UNICEF, 2000 On the website http://www.unep.org In 2000 62 % of Africans had access to improved water sources and 60 % to sanitation services – but coverage is mediocre in vast regions of the African continent

8. According to the annual precipitation index of the RDI, the drought which hit the Sahel from 1976 to1993 (18 years) was the longest and the harshest of the century. 3. Drought and Famine

9. 4. Armed Conflict Main conflicts during the 90’s provoking famines and refugee populations

10. Wars in the Horn of Africa and the region of the Great Lakes By adding up the refugee and displaced populations of these neighbouring regions, one obtains the figure of 12 million people. The multiplication and the persistence of armed conflict and ethnic violence has led to major flows of population since the 1970’s. Refugees pass each other on the roads of exodus: 470,000 Sudanese have fled war by moving into neighbouring countries while 350,000 Ethiopians and Eritreans have found asylum in the Sudan. In addition, more than 300,000 Somalians are still in Ethiopia and Kenya, 500,000 Burundis and 100,000 Congolese in Tanzania. There are still 2 million displaced people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC), 1.4 million in Burundi and Rwanda, and especially 4 million in the Sudan. Les réfugiés dans le monde par Philippe Rekacewicz, April 2001 Source: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/

11. Source: Nathan Terminale textbook, 2012 program 5. Uncontrolled Urban Explosion 5 to 6% urban growth rate until the 80’s

12. C- Would the title of Dumont’s book be different today?

13. -3% of world trade (North Africa included) -Overall GDP (1.2 M $) of the continent comparable to that of Mexico and South Korea - average annual GDP per capita: $2,000 (world average: $10,000) - Africa received only 5.6% of FDI in 2009 - 48.5% of the population lives with less than $1.25 a day -34 of the 48 LDCs identified by the United Nations are in Africa - the “demographic explosion” weighs on food, health, training, employment, migrations, etc. - Lowest food production per capita, - Lowest energy consumption, - Lowest life expectancy, - infant mortality rate still the highest in the world (80 %) - highest number of deaths related to AIDS Source: Images Economiques du Monde 2012… Some Alarming Facts and Figures on Africa

14. Source: Mapping the world … and new Problems Drug Trafficking

15. Shanty Town of Old Fadama in Accra, Ghana Source: http://www.lemonde.fr/http://www.lemonde.fr/ E-waste

16. Cybercrimes According to official statistics, cybercrimes accounted for financial losses of 3.6 billion FCFA in the Ivory Coast in 2013 compared to 3.3 billion in 2012. During this period, 70 people were arrested by the police. In Ghana, 80 cases of cybercrimes are counted every month according to figures published in July 2013 by the Ministry of Communication. Source: « Cybercriminalité : guerre déclarée aux « brouteurs » et aux « sakawa», 21/02/2014, http://www.ouestaf.com/ Source: www.unodc.org Piracy In 2012 Africa remained the most dangerous region in the world, concentrating more than half of reported piracy incidents. Source: http://www.franceinfo.fr/Source: http://www.franceinfo.fr/ 04/11/2013

17. Land Grabbing in Africa (source: Courrier International)

19. Land Grabbing in Africa 2000-2013

20. Recap New Problems Trafficking (drugs, weapons, humans) E-waste dumping Cybercrimes Piracy Land grabbing Old Problems Poverty Public health Corruption Water supply & sanitation Drought & famine Armed conflict Urban explosion