1. Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy
Growth of Industrial Prosperity

2. The Second Industrial Revolution
Bessemer Process
Henry Bessemer
Production of steel
Cheaper and more efficient process
Electricity
Thomas Edison’s electrical lights
Joseph Swan’s light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone
Guglielmo Marconi’s radio waves

3. The Second Industrial Revolution
Internal combustion engine
Automobiles
The Wright Brothers’ airplane
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1903
Led to airlines beginning in 1919
Assembly line (Henry Ford)
Manufactured goods more efficiently
Instead of the people moving, the product moved down a conveyor belt
Led to mass production (benefits?)

4. Organizing the Working Classes
Karl Marx
Communist Manifesto (1848)
Industrial Revolution led to poor factory conditions
Capitalism was the problem behind it
Claimed all of world history is “history of class struggles”
Battle between:
Bourgeoisie (Middle Class Oppressors)
Owned and ran everything
Proletariat (Working Class Oppressed)
Controlled and owned nothing
Eventually this will lead to revolution and destruction of classes

5. Organizing the Working Classes
Socialism
Parties formed based on Marxist ideas
German Social Democratic Party
Wanted revolution to become one political party
Competition for election into parliament
Would allow for laws regarding working conditions to be passed
However people were divided over how these parties should be run
Some wanted true Marxists ideas and revolution
Others wanted more peaceful methods (revisionists)

6. Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy
Emergence of Mass Society

7. The New Urban Environment
Movement in populations
People moving to cities to find jobs
Before they lived in country and farmed
Led to need for improved housing and sanitation
Europe in 1850 and 1890
England: 40% lived in cities (up to 60% in 1890)
France: 15% lived in cities (up to 25% in 1890)
Prussia: 10% lived in cities (up to 30% in 1890)

8. The New Urban Environment
The Need for Sanitation
All new buildings needed running water and internal drainage systems
Creation of aqueducts and tunnels to bring in fresh water to cities
Introduction of gas and electric heaters for hot water
City officials required to frequently check buildings for hazards
All used to combat diseases in the cities

9. Social Structure of Mass Society
The New Elite
Top 5% of the wealthy
Controlled 30-40% of wealth in society
Bankers, merchants, industrialists, aristocrats
The Middle Class
Made up of levels
Top: doctors, lawyers, engineers, architechs
Middle: shopkeepers, traders, farmers
Lower: salesmen, phone operators, bookkeepers

10. Social Structure of Mass Society
The Working Class
Made up 80% of society
Skilled workers, unskilled workers, poor farmers, sharecroppers
As time goes by, they earn better wages, better work conditions, and shorter work days

11. Women’s Experiences Jobs Marriage and Family
Second Industrial Revolution brought around job opportunities (secretaries, typists, salesclerks)
Marriage and Family
Women began having fewer children (Why?)
Children began working at the age of 9 or 10 in working class families

12. Women’s Experiences Women’s Rights Feminism Rights fought for
The movement for women’s rights
Rights fought for
Owning Property
Most couldn’t own property until 1870 to 1900
Access to colleges
Wanted to become doctors but mostly allowed to only be nurses
Suffrage
The right to vote
Was not attained by the mass until after World War 1

13. Education
Education
Meant only for the elite at first, spread to other classes at the turn of the century
Working class kids went to school up until the age of 12 or 13
The whole goal of education for the masses was to create better educated voters
Secondary goal was to create skilled workers for the Industrial Revolution

14. Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy
The National State and Democracy

15. Western Europe Political democracy Signs Great Britain
Universal male suffrage
Ministerial responsibility
Political Parties
Great Britain
Established two-party system
Liberals and Conservatives
Established prime minister
Voting rights: men over 21 and women over 30 (By 1918)

16. Western Europe Political democracy France 3rd Republic (1875)
Republican constitution
President and two house system
Senate elected by high ranking officials
Voters elected the lower house

17. Central and Eastern Europe
Germany
Established by Otto von Bismarck
Two house system
Lower house elected by voters
Ministers of government reported to emperor not house
Emperor
Controlled army, foreign policy, and bureaucracy
Austria-Hungary
Established ministerial responsibility and two house system
Emperor Francis Joseph ignored it all and did things his way

18. Central and Eastern Europe
Russia
Czar Nicholas II
Began in 1894
Believed in absolute power of the czars
Socialism growing in Russia with industrialization
Revolt leads to changes
1905
Granted civil liberties
Established the Duma (Congress)
By 1907 was taking power away from Duma again

19. The United States Post Civil War 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment: Gave African Americans citizenship
15th Amendment: Protected voting rights
By 1900
Richest nation in the world
Top 10% had 70% of wealth
Hawaii
Seen as a productive colony
Annexed in 1898 for its sugar fields and pineapples
Spanish American War (1898)
Gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines from Spain

20. Creation of Alliances Triple Alliance (1882) Triple Entente (1907)
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Triple Entente (1907)
Great Britain
France
Russia

21. Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy
Modern ideas and Uncertainty

22. Modernism
Rebellion against traditional style of art and literature
Literature
Addressed social problems
Women in society
Alcoholism
Urban slums
Symbolist writers
True reality was the human mind
Everything seen is just symbols of the mind

23. Modernism Painting Impressionism Postimpressionism Cubism Abstract
Went to the outdoors for inspiration (Nature)
Claude Monet
Postimpressionism
Art as a spiritual experience
Vincent van Gogh (Starry Nights)
Cubism
Geometric designs in art
Pablo Picasso
Abstract
Line and color only (Speaks to the soul)
Wassily Kandinsky

24. Claude Monet- Japanese Bridge

25. Van Gogh- Starry Nights

26. Picasso- Houses on the Hill

27. Pablo Picasso- The Old Guitarist

28. Wassily Kandinsky-

29. Modernism Architecture Music Functionalism Igor Stravinsky
Buildings should be functional not ornate
Simplify buildings
Louis H. Sullivan
Music
Igor Stravinsky
The Rite of Spring (1913)
Bold rhythms and expressive sound

30. Uncertainty in Science
Marie Curie
French Scientist
Discovered element radium
Gave off energy known as radiation
Found within an atom
Albert Einstein
Theory of Relativity
Space and time not absolute but relative to who is looking at it
Matter is another form of energy
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Allows therapist to go deep into a person’s mind and unlock memories
Helped to unlock repressed memories to help heal

31. Extreme Nationalism Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer
Social progress came from the idea “survival of the fittest”
Strong survive and weak die
Social progress stresses helping the weak/poor
Nations were in a “struggle for existence”
Nations compete for resources
Used to justify racism and discrimination

32. Extreme Nationalism Anti-Semitism Hostility towards Jewish people
Dreyfus Affair
French military officer accused of selling secrets
Evidence showed otherwise
Russia
Pogroms
Organized massacres of the Jewish people
25,000 emigrated from Russia
Zionism
Movement to create homeland for Jews in Palestine