1. 1 Using Lex

2. 2 Introduction When you write a lex specification, you create a set of patterns which lex matches against the input. Each time one of the patterns matches, the lex program invokes C code that you provide which does something with the matched text.

3. 3 Introduction (Cont’d) Lex itself doesn’t produce an executable program; instead it translates the lex specification into a file containing a C routine called yylex(). Your program calls yylex() to run the lexer.

4. 4 The format of regular expressions in lex The notation is slightly different from that used in our text book.

5. 5 Regular Expressions Regular expressions used by Lex (See pages 28 and 29). * [] ^ $ {} \ + ? | “…” / ()

6. 6 Examples of Regular Expressions [0-9] [0-9]+ [0-9]* -?[0-9]+ [0-9]*\.[0-9]+ ([0-9]+)|([0-9]*\.[0-9]+) -?(([0-9]+)|([0-9]*\.[0-9]+)) [eE][-+]?[0-9]+ -?(([0-9]+)|([0-9]*\.[0-9]+))([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?)

7. 7 The Structure of a Lex Program (Definition section) % (Rules section) % (User subroutines section)

8. 8 %{ /* * this sample demonstrates (very) simple recognition: * a verb/not a verb. */ %} % [\t ]+ /* ignore white space */ ; is | am | are | were | was | be | being | been | do | does | did | will | would | should | can | could | has | have | had | go { printf("%s: is a verb\n", yytext); } [a-zA-Z]+ { printf("%s: is not a verb\n", yytext); }.|\n { ECHO; /* normal default anyway */ } % main() { yylex(); } Example 1-1: Word recognizer ch1-02.l

9. 9 The definition section Lex copies the material between “%{“ and “%}” directly to the generated C file, so you may write any valid C codes here

10. 10 Rules section Each rule is made up of two parts –A pattern –An action E.g. [\t ]+ /* ignore white space */ ;

11. 11 Rules section (Cont’d) E.g. is | am | are | were | was | be | being | been | do | does | did | will | would | should | can | could | has | have | had | go { printf("%s: is a verb\n", yytext); }

12. 12 Rules section (Cont’d) E.g. [a-zA-Z]+ { printf("%s: is not a verb\n", yytext); }.|\n { ECHO; /* normal default anyway */ } Lex had a set of simple disambiguating rules: 1.Lex patterns only match a given input character or string once 2.Lex executes the action for the longest possible match for the current input

13. 13 User subroutines section It can consists of any legal C code Lex copies it to the C file after the end of the Lex generated code % main() { yylex(); }

14. 14 Example 2-1 % [\n\t ] ; -?(([0-9]+)|([0-9]*\.[0-9]+)([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?) { printf("number\n"); }. ECHO; % main() { yylex(); }

15. 15 A Word Counting Program The definition section %{ unsigned charCount = 0, wordCount = 0, lineCount = 0; %} word [^ \t\n]+ eol \n

16. 16 A Word Counting Program (Cont’d) The rules section {word} { wordCount++; charCount += yyleng; } {eol} { charCount++; lineCount++; }. charCount++;

17. 17 A Word Counting Program (Cont’d) The user subroutines section main(argc,argv) int argc; char **argv; { if (argc > 1) { FILE *file; file = fopen(argv[1], "r"); if (!file) { fprintf(stderr,"could not open %s\n",argv[1]); exit(1); } yyin = file; } yylex(); printf("%d %d %d\n",charCount, wordCount, lineCount); return 0; }

18. 18 How to implement a scanner()? We have to stop the yylex() when it recognizes a defined token. –Insert “return” at the end of your program [a-zA-Z]+ { return 2; } See scanner_example.l

19. 19 %{ %} % [\t ]+ /* ignore white space */ ; is | am | are | were | was | be | being | been | do | does | did | will | would | should | can | could | has | have | had | go { return 1; } [a-zA-Z]+ { return 2; }.|\n { /* normal default anyway */ } % main() { int i; while ((i=yylex())!=0) { printf("return value is %d, token is %s\n", i,yytext); } printf("End of file\n"); }

20. How to implement multiple characters lookahead in lex? Check lex_lookahead.l –DO10I=1,100 –DO10I=1.100 20