1. Understanding Social Structure Part One: Intro to Sociology and Development of the Sociological Imagination
Agenda
Objective:
To understand structure and its effects on individual and social behavior.
Schedule:
What is Structure?
Understanding Structure through an examination of the American public school system.
Homework
None

2. Thinking Like a Sociologist
Think about what we said last class, what does it mean to say that sociology is about “making the familiar strange?”

3. Thinking Like a Sociologist
“Making the familiar strange”requires you to reconsider your assumptions about society and question what you have assumed to be “normal” and “the way things are.”
The ability is called “The Sociological Imagination”
Term coined by C. Wright Mills in 1959.

4. Our Task As Sociologists
Truth/Objectivity/Reality
American Society
Recognize that we live in a box (society)
Recognize that there are other boxes (societies) that other people live in and they don’t always look like our box
Recognize that the box has walls (social forces, social scripts, structures, cultures)
Recognize that the box does not always align with what is true/real/objective…

5. Two Perspectives in Sociology on what Drives Human Behavior
In studying sociology, sociologists tend to be divided over what they see as the primary “shaper” of human behavior:
Culture
Structure
(The interaction between the two)?
Within each of the subfields we study we will see different sociologists adopting either a cultural or structural perspective to study issues like race, class, gender, etc.

6. Structure
Some sociologists argue that social structure is the primary determinant of human behavior
Social Structure
Social institutions, groups, and statuses that through their construction and design act to facilitate and/or constrain
our behavior and
interactions.

7. The Components of Social Structure
Social Institutions
Complex social forms that reproduce themselves.
Family, government, legal systems, the economy
Social Groups
Networks of individuals bounded by a particular relationship
Fraternal associations, corporations, classmates
Social Status
The position one holds in a society
Race, Class,
Gender
Social Structure (The Whole Triangle)

8. Structure This image exemplifies the notion of social structure.
The structure of the ladder and people’s placement on that ladder facilitate or constrain what they can or can not do and how they can or can not interact with others on the ladder.

9. Social Structure Activity
What are the social structures operating in your life?
What are some examples of social institutions, social groups, and social statuses that you are a part of/occupy?

10. Understanding Social Structure Through an Evaluation of the American Public Education System

11. Consider the Following Statistics About High School Graduation Rates…
These statistic show the averaged freshman graduation rate (the percentage of students who graduated within four years of being a freshman) by race.
Consider just the
White and Black
students, what are
some factors that
might account for
the difference in
graduation rates
between these two
groups.

12. The Structure of Public Education and the Achievement Gap
To illustrate the effects of social structure on individual’s lives, we are going to take a look at how the structure of the American public education systems facilitates white school achievement, while constraining black student achievement.

13. The American Public School System
What is the structure of the public school system in the United States?
How are schools distributed?
How are they funded?

15. $19,000
$11,000
$22,000

17. The Structure of Public Education and the Achievement Gap
How does this structure that we have just described lead to real differences in the educational experiences of white and black students?

18. The Structure of Public Education and the New School Segregation
The effect of the educational structure in the United States is to produce two distinct public school experiences:
One for Blacks
One for Whites

19. “[We] face hypersegregation of a sort that we haven't seen since the 1960s. Because it has come back with a vengeance in the past ten years, but you also see inequality so gross and obvious that it would shame the heart of any decent person in America.”
Jonathan Kozol Feb, 2007
Text

20. Video “Trading Schools” Oprah Winfrey

21. Using Education to Understand Structure
How did the structure of the educational system produce these two outcomes?
What is the effect of the structure of the public school systems on the students attending these schools?

22. Agency vs. Structure
But this is not to say that individuals are powerless to structure.
Social structures (institutions, groups, status) are designed by people and thus people can change them.
What are some
ways the structure
of the educational
system in the
United States can
be changed to
correct inequality?