1. Dr. Martin T. Auer MTU Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Mass Balance, Kinetics & Reactors

2. Plug Flow Reactor Completely-Mixed Flow Reactor Reactor Analogs – Natural Systems Mille Lacs Lake Minnesota Fox River Wisconsin

3. Reactor Analogs – Engineered Systems Plug Flow Reactor Completely-Mixed Flow Reactor Resin-Based Water Softener Wastewater Primary Clarifier

4. Soaking Rain

5. Dream Car

6. CMF Reactor

7. Control Volume

8. CMF Reactor with first order decay

9. For many years, Allied Chemical and its ancestors produced soda ash … a chemical used to soften water and in the manufacture of glass, soap, and paper. The raw materials were two locally abundant minerals: CaCONaClNaCOCaCl 3232  and the products were soda ash (Na2CO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) waste. The wastes were deposited in 2000 acres of lagoons along the banks of 9 Mile Creek. The waste continually leaks from the lagoons into the creek, making the water highly ‘salty’. Chloride in 9 Mile Creek

11. BATCH Reactor with first order decay

12. BATCH Reactor with first order decay

13. Batch Reactor in Pipe

25. PFR = Train of Batch Reactors To Water Quality

26. CMF Reactor and, at steady state

27. Change in C ss concentration time C ss,1 C ss,2

28. CCe tss kt    F H G I K J  1 1  CCeCe t kt kt  F H G I K J   F H G I K J   F H G I K J  1 1 2 1 1   CCe t kt  F H G I K J  F H G I K J  2 1 1  Time-Variable Response time concentration

29. Response Time Wastewater Treatment Grit removal, 0.5 hr 1°, 2° settling, 1-2 hr Activated sludge, 4-8 hr Anaerobic digestion, 15-30 d Drinking Water Treatment Rapid mix, <1 min Flocculator, 30 min Disinfection, 15 min Rate Coefficients ‘fast’ k, 30 yr -1 ‘slow’ k, 0.03 yr -1 Natural Systems Onondaga Lake (0.25 yr) Lake Ontario (8 yr) Lake Michigan (136 yr) Lake Superior (179 yr)

30. SS CMF Application to Lakes where W = Q∙Cin, i.e. the loading

31. SS CMF Application to Lakes

32. PF-CMF Comparison: Reactor Efficiency

33. PF-CMF Comparison: Sensitivity to Spikes

34. Mass Transport CMF Reactor Saginaw Bay Lake Huron PF Reactor

35. Advection and Diffusion advection alone diffusion alone advection plus diffusion

36. Diffusion

37. PCBs PCBs are a family of chemical compounds formed by the addition of chlorine to biphenyl (C 12 H 10 ). There are 10 substitution positions where chlorine may be added, leading to a possible 209 unique chemical compounds termed congeners. 2 3 4 56 3’ 2’ 4’ 6’5’ Cl n H (10-n) Congeners have been assigned numbers (1  209) and are also classified by the positions occupied by chlorine. Referencing the substitution positions in the figure above, three examples are: Congener 1: 2-Chlorobiphenyl Congener 101: 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl Congener 209: Decachlorobiphenyl

38. Example 4.14 PCBs in Lake Superior Dr. Perlinger’s research group sampling on Lake Superior aboard the U.S. EPA research vessel Lake Guardian. air water