1. A movement Oct. 29, 2012 – Day 25 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

2. C OURSE MANAGEMENT http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund. 10/29/12 2 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

3. A-MOVEMENT Radford §6.1-4 10/29/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 3

4. T’T’PRN he T will C [EF, TNS] ø VP V refer P [EF] to C’C’ PP PRN who R ECALL PREPOSITION STRANDING Which categories have a specifier? P, T, and C. What is left out? V. 10/29/12 4 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP P’P’PRN who ------ CP PRN who ----- ---- will+

5. SUBJECTS IN BELFAST ENGLISH Radford §6.2 10/29/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 5

6. I NDUCTIVE INTRODUCTION Some data 1a) Some students should get distinctions. 2a) There should some students get distinctions. 3a) Should there some students get distinctions? 1a) Lots of students have missed the classes. 2b) There have lots of students missed the classes. 3b) Have there lots of students missed the classes? Where is the subject in the clauses with there ? It cannot be in the specifier of T, because it is to the right of T, not to the left. So we need a new spot, but there is a spot that has not been used yet. 10/29/12 6 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

7. CP TPCøCø PRN there QP some students T’T’ V' VPT should STRUCTURE FOR BELFAST ENGLISH THERE CLAUSES (6.4) 10/29/12 7 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V get QP ø distinctions

8. CP TPCøCø QP some students T’T’ V' VPT should STRUCTURE FOR STANDARD ENGLISH CLAUSES (6.5) 10/29/12 8 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V get QP ø distinctions QP some students ------- -----------

9. S UPPORTING EVIDENCE FROM THE SCOPE OF NEGATION 6a) Everyone hasn't finished the assignment yet. What does this sentence mean? i. = Not everyone has finished the assignment yet. ii. ≠ No-one has finished the assignment yet. But everyone c-commands not, so (ii) is what it should mean. But if the subject starts out in the specifier of V, it will be c-commanded by not, see the next slide. 10/29/12 9 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

10. CP TPCøCø QP everyone T’T’ V' NegPT did N EGATION HAS SCOPE OVER VP IF THE SUBJECT STARTS OUT THERE 10/29/12 10 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V finish DetP the assignment QP everyone ----------- Neg' Neg ø VP n’tn’t

11. T HE VP- INTERNAL SUBJECT HYPOTHESIS The subject of a clause originates in spec-V. The movement of a nominal phrase as illustrated in the previous diagram is known as A- movement. 10/29/12 11 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

12. IDIOMS, Radford §6.3 What is an idiom or idiomatic phrase? 10/29/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 12

13. I NDUCTIVE INTRODUCTION Examples of idioms 7a) Let's have a couple of drinks to break the ice. 7b) Be careful not to upset the applecart. 7c) The president must bite the bullet. Can you change their parts? #Let's have a couple of drinks to thaw the ice. #Be careful not to upset the peachcart. #The president must bite the gun. No, you can’t change their parts. They are a unit, in some sense. What are their constituents? Most consist of V + complement. 10/29/12 13 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

14. SUBJECT IDIOMS But there are a few which consist of subject + V (+ complement): 8a) All hell broke loose. 8b) The doo-doo hit the fan. 8c) The cat got your tongue. Can you change their parts? #Most hell broke loose. #The feces hit the fan. #The dog got your tongue. No, the parts of subject idioms cannot be changed, either. 10/29/12 14 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

15. O NE EXCEPTION But auxiliary verbs can intervene: 10a) All hell will break loose. 11a) The doo-doo might hit the fan. If the subject of the idiom is in the specifier of V, the whole idiom can be introduced as a unit (VP) without being interrupted by an auxiliary verb, see next. 10/29/12 15 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

16. CP TPCøCø QP all hell T’T’ V' VPT will STRUCTURE FOR SUBJECT IDIOMS (6.12) 10/29/12 16 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V break AP loose QP all hell ----------

17. ARGUMENT STRUCTURE & THEMATIC or Θ ROLES Radford §6.4 10/29/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 17

18. Table of thematic (Θ) roles (15) Thematic roleGlossExample THEME Entity affected by the action Mary kissed John. Mary fell over. AGENT Entity that performs the action Mary kissed John. Mary sneezed. EXPERIENCER Entity that experiences a psychological state Death scares Mary. Mary likes syntax. Me thinks… LOCATIVE (Stationary) placeMary lives in Idaho. GOAL Destination of a motionMary went to Idaho. SOURCE Origin of a motionMary came from Idaho. INSTRUMENT Means used to perform action Mary hit it with a hammer. 10/29/12 18 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

19. More examples of thematic (Θ) roles(15) 1. The FBI arrested Larry Luckless. 2. The suspect received a caution. 3. The audience enjoyed the play. 4. The president went to Boston. 5. They stayed in a hotel. 6. The noise came from the house. 1. AGENT, THEME 2. GOAL, THEME 3. EXPERIENCER, THEME 4. THEME, GOAL 5. THEME, LOCATIVE 6. THEME, SOURCE 10/29/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 19

20. NEXT TIME Continue with A movement 10/29/12 20 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane