1. Essential Question: Essential Question: To what degree did Kennedy’s “New Frontier” domestic & foreign policy differ from Truman & Eisenhower in the 1950s? To what degree did Kennedy’s “New Frontier” domestic & foreign policy differ from Truman & Eisenhower in the 1950s?

2. Kennedy & the New Frontier

3. JFK’s New Frontier The election of 1960 between Richard Nixon & John F. Kennedy was the 1 st to use TV debates: The election of 1960 between Richard Nixon & John F. Kennedy was the 1 st to use TV debates: Nixon was much better known but the TV debates helped swing undecided voters towards JFK Nixon was much better known but the TV debates helped swing undecided voters towards JFK 1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in politics 1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in politics Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates But, it was not the 1 st time TV influenced politics… Eisenhower used TV to campaign in 1952 & 1956 McCarthy was destroyed by TV in the Army-Senate hearings Nixon used TV to defend himself in the “Checkers” speech TN Senator Kefauver used TV to investigate organized crime

4. JFK’s New Frontier Kennedy’s administration reflected youth, energy, & sharp break from Eisenhower Kennedy’s administration reflected youth, energy, & sharp break from Eisenhower JFK promised a New Frontier: JFK promised a New Frontier: Domestic reforms in education, health care, & civil rights Domestic reforms in education, health care, & civil rights A foreign policy committed to defeating the Soviet Union & winning the Cold War A foreign policy committed to defeating the Soviet Union & winning the Cold War The JFK era began “Camelot” comparisons with JFK as a modern-day Lancelot

5. JFK’s New Frontier JFK’s New Frontier promised a return of FDR-era liberal policies: JFK’s New Frontier promised a return of FDR-era liberal policies: But, Conservatives in Congress opposed JFK’s social reforms in education & health care But, Conservatives in Congress opposed JFK’s social reforms in education & health care Congress did help the poor Congress did help the poor The modernization of industry, gov’t spending, & a major tax cut in 1963 stimulated the economy & created jobs The modernization of industry, gov’t spending, & a major tax cut in 1963 stimulated the economy & created jobs Aid for public schools… …the extension of Social Security… …unemployment benefits… …and medical insurance for the elderly were all shot down by Congress An increase in the minimum wage Increased funds for public housing

6. JFK’s New Frontier One long-lasting achievement of the JFK-era was strengthening the presidency: One long-lasting achievement of the JFK-era was strengthening the presidency: Eisenhower left many decisions to his staff, but JFK demanded more direct presidential control Eisenhower left many decisions to his staff, but JFK demanded more direct presidential control JFK transferred much of the decision-making power from the cabinet to his White House staff JFK transferred much of the decision-making power from the cabinet to his White House staff JFK appointed tough, pragmatic, & academic “New Frontiersmen” to his staff Kennedy referred to his staff as the “the best & the brightest”

8. Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War

9. Addressing U.S. foreign policy & containing Communism was JFK’s top priority as president: Addressing U.S. foreign policy & containing Communism was JFK’s top priority as president: JFK believed Ike compromised with the USSR when the Cold War could have been won JFK believed Ike compromised with the USSR when the Cold War could have been won JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U.S. defenses JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U.S. defenses Looked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba Looked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival & success of liberty. We will do this & more.” —JFK’s inaugural address

10. Flexible Response JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety of future problems: JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety of future problems: Increased nuclear arsenal to 1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs to create a “first-strike” capability Increased nuclear arsenal to 1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs to create a “first-strike” capability Increased the army & air force Increased the army & air force Expanded covert operations & created the Green Berets Expanded covert operations & created the Green Berets JFK was convinced that the USSR had more missiles, but really the U.S. had the lead with 600 B-52s, 2 Polaris subs, 2,000 warheads To combat Communism & to help underdeveloped countries, JFK created the Peace Corps & the Alliance for Progress

11. The Space Race JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the Soviets to the moon: JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the Soviets to the moon: JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U.S. would get to the moon by 1970 JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U.S. would get to the moon by 1970 The U.S. landed a man on the moon in 1969 The U.S. landed a man on the moon in 1969 The Apollo Program

12. Crisis over Berlin JFK’s 1 st confrontation with the Soviet Union came in Berlin: JFK’s 1 st confrontation with the Soviet Union came in Berlin: Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers from East Germany to West Berlin Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers from East Germany to West Berlin The USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961 The USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961

13. “Ich bin ein Berliner” —JFK, 1963

14. Containment in Vietnam Vietnam proved to be a tough test: Vietnam proved to be a tough test: Since 1954, Communist leader Ho Chi Minh gained popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the South Since 1954, Communist leader Ho Chi Minh gained popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the South The U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Diem The U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Diem When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a coup against Diem in 1963 When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a coup against Diem in 1963 “Strongly in our mind is what happened in China at the end of World War II, where China was lost. We don’t want that.” —JFK

15. Vietnam Viet Minh are Vietnamese communists in North Vietnam Viet Cong are Vietnamese communists in South Vietnam

16. Containing Castro: Bay of Pigs Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959 & developed ties with Russia Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959 & developed ties with Russia The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of Castro The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of Castro In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the Bay of Pigs invasion In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the Bay of Pigs invasion JFK blamed the Republicans for allowing a “communist satellite” to arise on “our very doorstep”

17. The invasion called for U.S. air support but JFK canceled the air strike; without air support, Castro squashed the invasion Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure of Bay of Pigs, but did not apologize for coup

18. Cuban Missile Crisis To protect Cuba from another U.S. invasion, the USSR began a secret build- up of nuclear missiles To protect Cuba from another U.S. invasion, the USSR began a secret build- up of nuclear missiles On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban missile camps On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban missile camps How would the U.S. respond? How would the U.S. respond? 24 medium-range & 18 short range ICBMs Naval blockade to keep warheads out? Diplomacy: trade nukes in Cuba for nukes in Turkey? Immediate air strike? Full-scale invasion? Kennedy chose to “quarantine” Cuba to keep new missiles out & an invasion of Cuba if the USSR did not remove its nukes

19. The Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy announced a quarantine (blockade) to keep more missiles out & demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles already in Cuba

20. Cuban Missile Crisis The standoff ended when Russia removed its Cuban missiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cuba The standoff ended when Russia removed its Cuban missiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cuba The impact of the crisis: The impact of the crisis: Seen as a political victory for JFK Seen as a political victory for JFK Installed a “hot line” to improve US- Soviet communications Installed a “hot line” to improve US- Soviet communications This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from confrontation to negotiation This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from confrontation to negotiation “Our most basic common link is the fact that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. We are all mortal.” —JFK And…U.S. removal of nuclear weapons in Turkey

21. Essential Question: Essential Question: To what degree was Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” a continuation of JFK’s “New Frontier” domestic agenda? To what degree was Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” a continuation of JFK’s “New Frontier” domestic agenda?

22. “Let Us Continue”

23. "Let Us Continue" On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK was assassinated & VP Lyndon Johnson became president: On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK was assassinated & VP Lyndon Johnson became president: LBJ was a master politician with a reputation for getting results LBJ was a master politician with a reputation for getting results LBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal agenda LBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal agenda LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on providing economic & racial equality LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on providing economic & racial equality LBJ helped push through the greatest array of liberal legislation in U.S. history (“Great Society”), surpassing FDR’s New Deal

25. Americans were stunned this rapid succession of events

26. Lyndon Johnson in Action LBJ quickly pushed through Congress 2 key “Kennedy” bills: LBJ quickly pushed through Congress 2 key “Kennedy” bills: A $10 billion reduction in income taxes that led to increased consumer spending & new jobs A $10 billion reduction in income taxes that led to increased consumer spending & new jobs The Civil Rights Act of 1964 that declared segregation in public facilities illegal & protected black voting rights The Civil Rights Act of 1964 that declared segregation in public facilities illegal & protected black voting rights The most significant legislation on race since the Reconstruction Amendments

27. Lyndon Johnson in Action In 1964, LBJ waged a “war on poverty in America” & created the Office of Economic Opportunity: In 1964, LBJ waged a “war on poverty in America” & created the Office of Economic Opportunity: Created the Job Corps for high school dropouts Created the Job Corps for high school dropouts Head Start for preschoolers Head Start for preschoolers Adult education & technical training opportunities Adult education & technical training opportunities As a result of, America had 10 million fewer poor people by 1970 As a result of, America had 10 million fewer poor people by 1970 In 1964, the U.S. had 35 million poor people

28. The Election of 1964 In 1964, LBJ ran against: In 1964, LBJ ran against: Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign policy stance Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign policy stance Segregationist George Wallace Segregationist George Wallace LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of Congress for 1 st time in 25 years LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of Congress for 1 st time in 25 years

29. The “Daisy” Campaign Spot http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/comme rcials/1964 http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/comme rcials/1964 Click on the “Daisy Ad”

30. The Great Society Once elected, LBJ initiated his “Great Society” domestic agenda: Once elected, LBJ initiated his “Great Society” domestic agenda: Medicare & Medicaid extended health insurance to the elderly & the poor Medicare & Medicaid extended health insurance to the elderly & the poor Extended $1 billion to improve public & parochial schools Extended $1 billion to improve public & parochial schools The Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests & provided for federal registrars for polls The Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests & provided for federal registrars for polls

31. The Triumph of Reform By 1965, Congress passed 89 laws or reforms as part of LBJ’s social agenda: By 1965, Congress passed 89 laws or reforms as part of LBJ’s social agenda: The Great Society was the most comprehensive agenda of social reform since FDR The Great Society was the most comprehensive agenda of social reform since FDR But…the American people did not respond well to LBJ But…the American people did not respond well to LBJ Soon…events in Vietnam, would taint his presidency Soon…events in Vietnam, would taint his presidency

32. Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War

33. LBJ Escalates the Vietnam War LBJ continued JFK’s strong foreign policy positions too: LBJ continued JFK’s strong foreign policy positions too: He supported CIA-sponsored coups in Brazil, Panama, & the Dominican Republic He supported CIA-sponsored coups in Brazil, Panama, & the Dominican Republic LBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards Vietnam LBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards Vietnam But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from Congress, the media, & universities But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from Congress, the media, & universities “I am not going to lose Vietnam. I am not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.” —LBJ

34. LBJ Escalates the Vietnam War During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the USS Maddox During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the USS Maddox The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ the authority to: The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ the authority to: Defend Vietnam at any cost Defend Vietnam at any cost Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s discretion Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s discretion

35. The Vietnam War

36. Escalation 1965 marked the beginning of full-scale U.S. involvement in Vietnam 1965 marked the beginning of full-scale U.S. involvement in Vietnam LBJ was informed that “without U.S. action, defeat is inevitable” LBJ was informed that “without U.S. action, defeat is inevitable” LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam & requested 50,000 U.S. soldiers sent to Asia LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam & requested 50,000 U.S. soldiers sent to Asia LBJ never explained to the American people how the gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam LBJ never explained to the American people how the gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam LBJ’s advisors wanted 100,000 troops in 1965 & a plan for 100,000 more in 1966; Estimations were 500 U.S. deaths per month LBJ took middle road of limited U.S. intervention: not a withdrawal & not a full-scale invasion of North Vietnam

37. Stalemate By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam from falling to Communism By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam from falling to Communism U.S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were ineffective U.S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were ineffective Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North Vietnam Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North Vietnam Reckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civilians Reckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civilians The bloody stalemate & media depiction of the war led to protests The bloody stalemate & media depiction of the war led to protests

40. Conclusions The early 1960s under JFK represented consume spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more social reforms at home The early 1960s under JFK represented consume spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more social reforms at home The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home (civil rights & the Great Society) The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home (civil rights & the Great Society) But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the onset of the counter-culture movement by 1968 But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the onset of the counter-culture movement by 1968

41. Class Discussion: To what degree was the USA winning the Cold War from 1945-1963?

42. The Cold War: 1948-1975 The Cold War under Truman: 1945-1952

43. The Cold War: 1948-1975 The Cold War under Eisenhower: 1953-1960

44. The Cold War: 1948-1975 The Cold War under Kennedy: 1961-1963

45. The Cold War: 1948-1975 The Cold War under Johnson: 1963-1968