1. Chapter 3.3 Measures of Position

2. Standard Score  A comparison that uses the mean and standard deviation is called a standard score or a z-score  A z-score or standard score for a value is obtained by subtracting the mean from the value and dividing the result by the standard deviation.  The z score represents the number of standard deviations that a data value falls above or below the mean for samples: for populations:

3. Test Scores  A student scored 65 on a calculus test that had a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10; she scored 30 on a history test with a mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 5. Compare her relative positions on the two tests.

4. Comparing Test scores Test AX=38Mean = 40s=5 Test BX=94Mean=100s=10 Find the z score for each test and state which is higher.

5. Z scores and mean  When all data for a variable are transformed into z scores, the resulting distribution will have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. A z score, then, is actually the number of standard deviations each value is from the mean for a specific distribution.

6. Percentiles  Percentiles are position measures used in educational and health-related fields to indicate the position of an individual in a group  Percentiles divide the data set into 100 groups  Not the same as percentages. i.e. a student gets 72% correct on her test, that does not correspond to her position with respect to the rest of the class

7. Steps to construct a percentile graph 1. Find the cumulative frequencies and fill in the table 2. Find the cumulative percentages and fill in the table 3. Graph the data, using class boundaries for the x axis and the percentages for the y axis

8. Systolic Blood Pressure: Class Boundaries Frequency Cumulative frequency Cumulative Percent 89.5-104.524 104.5-119.562 119.5-134.52 134.5-149.526 149.5-164.512 164.5-179.54 The frequency distribution for the systolic blood pressure readings (in milligrams of mercury, mm Hg) of 200 randomly selected college students is shown here. Construct a percentile graph.

9. Use the percentile graph to answer the following questions: 1. Find the percentile rank of a blood pressure reading of 130. 2. What blood pressure corresponds to the 40 th percentile?

10. Percentile Formula  The percentile corresponding to a give value X is computed by using the following formula:  Percentile = (((number of values below X) + 0.5)/ total number of values) * 100

11. Find a data value corresponding to a given percentile 1. Arrange the data in order from lowest to highest 2. Substitute into the formula n=total number of values P=percentile a. If c is not a whole number, round up to the next whole number. Starting at the lowest value, count over to the number that corresponds to the rounded -up b.If c is a whole number, use the value halfway between the c th and (c+1) st values when counting up from the lowest value.

12. Test Scores  A teacher gives a 20-point test to 10 students. The scores are shown here. Find the percentile rank of a score of 12. 18, 15, 12, 6, 8, 2, 3, 5, 20, 10  What is the percentile rank for a score of 6?  What value corresponds to the 25 th percentile?  What value corresponds to the 60 th percentile?

13. Try it!  Pg. 161-162 #12, 13, 18, 19, 24, 25