1. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Rapid Prototyping of NASA Next Generation Sensors for the SERVIR System of Fire Detection in Mesoamerica Joel Kuszmaul Henrique Momm Greg Easson The University of Mississippi Collaborators: Dan Irwin, NASA-MSFC Tim Gubbels, SSAI-Goddard Bob Ryan, SSAI-Stennis

2. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Objectives We do not seek to validate or evaluate the MODIS active fire detection algorithm This has been done by other scientists We seek to compare results from MODIS to results from VIIRS with the goal of identifying issues of active fire detection

3. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 MODIS Active Fire Product (SERVIR) Fires in Mesoamerica

4. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 PIXEL VALUE MEANING 0not processed –missing data (black) 2not processed – other reason (black) 3water (blue) 4Cloud (purple) 5No fire (gray) 6Unknown (black) 7Low-confidence fire (orange) 8Nominal confidence fire (yellow) 9High confidence fire (red) MODIS Active Fire Product (MOD14) Production Code, Version 4.3.2

5. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 The Kappa Statistic Useful for assessing agreement between two sets of classification Corrects for chance agreement An improvement on the proportion of correct classification (simplest measure of agreement) Calculated in the general case as:  = 0 chance agreement  0 better than chance

6. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 MODIS FIRE ALGORITHM Giglio et al (2003)

7. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Comparison between MODIS and VIIRS spectral and spatial resolution

8. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Saturation Differences Channel 22 (331K) Channel 21 (500K) MODIS VIIRS Channel 31 (400K – 340K) M-13 (634K) M-15 (343K) TERRAAQUA

9. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Study Site

10. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Date Selection Criteria for the selection of dates –Guatemala has to be covered – entirely if possible –Low cloud coverage – as little as possible –Lots of fires – Comparison with SERVIR online data –Availability of imagery with higher spectral resolution for validation –Availability of the required data: Level 1B and Geolocation files (MOD021KM and MOD03)

11. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Available auxiliary datasets April 30, 2003 L71019049_04920030430 L71019048_04820030430 AST_L1B_00304302003163436_20061101193535_8916 AST_L1B_00304302003163444_20061101193425_8130 AST_L1B_00304302003163453_20061101193325_7631 AST_L1B_00304302003163502_20061101193325_7629 AST_L1B_00304302003163511_20061101193535_8914 AST_L1B_00304302003163520_20061101193535_8908 AST_L1B_00304302003163529_20061101193425_8128 AST_L1B_00304302003163538_20061101193535_8903 AST_L1B_00304302003163546_20061101193535_8899 AST_L1B_00304302003163555_20061101193545_9006 April 28, 2003 L71021049_04920030428 L71021048_04820030428 April 21, 2003 L71020050_05020030421 L71020049_04920030421 L71020048_04820030421 AST_L1B_00304212003164104_20061101192514_4525 AST_L1B_00304212003164113_20061101192734_5672 AST_L1B_00304212003164121_20061101192614_4850 AST_L1B_00304212003164130_20061101192724_5586 AST_L1B_00304212003164139_20061101192724_5582 AST_L1B_00304212003164148_20061101192724_5575 AST_L1B_00304212003164157_20061101192814_5958 AST_L1B_00304212003164206_20061101192724_5589 March 20, 2003 L71020048_04820030320 L71020049_04920030320

12. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Comparing MODIS- and VIIRS-based Detection Tools 8 MODIS fire products (one for each sensor, Terra and Aqua, on each of the four study days) 16 simulated VIIRS fire products (with two simulated VIIRS products for every one MODIS product due to the two different errors models)

13. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Comparing MODIS- and VIIRS-based Detection Tools (continued) The error matrix result comparing the MODIS and simulated VIIRS fire products for March 20, 2003, using the Terra sensor data and the extended error model for the simulated VIIRS data. Overall Accuracy: 0.999578148 Kappa: 0.6989

14. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Comparing MODIS- and VIIRS-based Detection Tools (continued) Results from the overall kappa calculations for the case of the point source error model

15. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Comparing MODIS- and VIIRS-based Detection Tools (continued) Overall results comparison for the ability to detect fires using the four different definitions of fires

16. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Low and Nominal Confidence Fires Nominal confidence fires found only 20% as often using VIIRS Low confidence fires not found at all

17. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Comparing Detection Tools Using Validation Data Sets: Results from the Aster Imagery Fire location and the 25 nearest MODIS pixels collected to investigate agreement with field data

18. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007

19. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Comparing Detection Tools Using Validation Data Sets: Results from the Landsat Imagery Examples of Landsat false color composite images showing active fires in Guatemala Two independent image analysts

20. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Comparing Detection Tools Using Validation Data Sets: Results from the Landsat Imagery (continued) Comparison of both large and small fires identified in Landsat-7 imagery and fires detected by the MODIS- and VIIRS-based DST

21. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Summary and Findings The highest  values were obtained when the MODIS- and VIIRS-based assessments of high confidence fires The VIIRS-based fire detection system finds few nominal-confidence fires and no low-confidence fires

22. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Summary and Findings Previous researchers had identified the potential difficulty of the proposed VIIRS thermal band (3.95  m) in finding small and low intensity fires. Our results confirm their expectations. We recommend a change in the sensor-algorithm combination from what is currently planned.

23. The University of Mississippi Geoinformatics Center NASA MRC RPC – 11 July 2007 Questions