1.  starter activity What have the pictures about got to do with public health? Can you sequence them chronologically?

2. How can I revise for Section C (Public Health)? Review my knowledge & understanding of public health Develop my exam technique  Aims

3.  Your task Your teacher will give you a timeline similar to the one below. Pick out 5 key facts about the influence of government on medicine over time. Your teacher will give you a timeline similar to the one below. Pick out 5 key facts about the influence of government on medicine over time.

4. General information 25 marks (out of 75 for Paper 1) 25 marks (out of 75 for Paper 1) Spend 35 minutes on Section C Spend 35 minutes on Section C Read the attributions very carefully Read the attributions very carefully Leave enough time for question c which is worth 12 marks or 48% of the total! Leave enough time for question c which is worth 12 marks or 48% of the total!

5. Question a or b (4 + 4 marks) Question type: ‘Explain two reasons why …’ Question type: ‘Explain two reasons why …’ Use phrases like, ‘One reason for …’ or ‘A second reason why …’ Use phrases like, ‘One reason for …’ or ‘A second reason why …’ Give a reason and provide 3 or 4 pieces of evidence to explain your reason. Give a reason and provide 3 or 4 pieces of evidence to explain your reason.

6.  Your task Explain two reasons why the government provided good public health in Roman Britain Explain two reasons why the government provided good public health in Roman Britain

7. Possible answers One reason is that One reason is that it was important to the government that the Roman army in Britain remained fit to fight against native tribes. Many bath houses and latrines were built to keep the army healthy, as people linked bad smells to illness. The army was ordered to avoid wet and marshy places when the soldiers made their camps.

8. A second reason was that it was important in crowded cities like Rome people remained fit and healthy. Aqueducts and brick conduits were built to bring fresh water into towns and cities. Sewers were built to take away sewage. Even small towns had public baths open to every one for a very small sum of money. A second reason was that it was important in crowded cities like Rome people remained fit and healthy. Aqueducts and brick conduits were built to bring fresh water into towns and cities. Sewers were built to take away sewage. Even small towns had public baths open to every one for a very small sum of money.

9. Question a or b (5 marks) What can you learn from Source X about …? Use the source and your own knowledge What can you learn from Source X about …? Use the source and your own knowledge The examiner wants to know what we can and can’t learn from this type of source The examiner wants to know what we can and can’t learn from this type of source Look carefully at the attribution – there may be some clues there, e.g. time, author, audience, type of source Look carefully at the attribution – there may be some clues there, e.g. time, author, audience, type of source Don’t rewrite source Don’t rewrite source Make links with your own knowledge Make links with your own knowledge

10.  Your task “The King hates the smells in York which are more awful than any other city in the kingdom. They come from the human and animal dung and muck which fill the streets so much that the people cannot walk along them. Because the King wishes to protect the health both of the citizens of York and of the members of his Parliament who will soon arrive, he orders that all the streets and alleys of the city are to be cleaned of all filth, and then kept clean afterwards.” A letter sent by King Edward III to the mayor of York in 1332. The king was about to visit the city. What can you learn from the source about the effectiveness of the government of towns and cities in providing good public health in the Middle Ages?

11. Possible answer The letter says that York is the worst city in the kingdom for filth. This suggests that the local government in other cities was more effective in providing better public health. In the Middle Ages there were no national laws to control public health. In some cities, like London there was some attempt to improve public health such as rules on the construction of privies and fines for throwing rubbish into the streets. King Edward might have exaggerated the problem in York to make sure the mayor cleaned up before he arrived. So the letter is not proper evidence for the effectiveness of the government.

12. Section (c) Essay title, e.g. ‘Public health had improved in towns and cities by 1900’ Explain how this happened. Support your answer with reasons and examples. Essay title, e.g. ‘Public health had improved in towns and cities by 1900’ Explain how this happened. Support your answer with reasons and examples. 12 marks 12 marks Level 4: range of factors & reach an explicit judgement on the main question Level 4: range of factors & reach an explicit judgement on the main question

13.  Your task ‘Public health had improved in towns and cities by 1900’ Explain how this happened. (2004) ‘Public health had improved in towns and cities by 1900’ Explain how this happened. (2004) Did public health improve or get worse between AD500 and AD1500? (2005) Did public health improve or get worse between AD500 and AD1500? (2005) After the Second World War the Labour government introduced the NHS. Did everyone welcome the NHS? (2004) After the Second World War the Labour government introduced the NHS. Did everyone welcome the NHS? (2004) Why was it difficult to keep good public health in towns and cities in Britain before 1700? (2005) Why was it difficult to keep good public health in towns and cities in Britain before 1700? (2005) Since 1750 governments have always tried to improve the health of people in Britain. Do you agree or disagree? (2008) Since 1750 governments have always tried to improve the health of people in Britain. Do you agree or disagree? (2008)

14.  Homework Write a detailed essay plan for the following question (1 side A4): Write a detailed essay plan for the following question (1 side A4): “Why did people in Britain enjoy better health after 1900 than before 1900?” “Why did people in Britain enjoy better health after 1900 than before 1900?” Also: include a full conclusion Also: include a full conclusion