2. Steve MacLean, Romualdo Ancog, Zoe Bowers, Elise Schellpfeffer (Clip Art)

3. Vision is defined at the ability to see. To be able to see the organism needs some kind of light-detecting organ. In the case of humans this organ is the vertebrate eye The vertebrate eye is directly connected to the primary visual cortex This is where the information and signals from the eyes are interpreted. Light enters the eye through the pupil and this is regulated by the iris This light is then picked up by the photoreceptor in the eye The eye focuses with the use of the lens a transparent disk of proteins Biology, 8e. Struct14.ure of the Vertebrate Eye. Digital image. MasteringBiology for Campbell, Biology, 8e. Person, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 20

4. The ligand is light. The receptor is rhodopsin Rhodopsin is a pigment that is formed when the membrane bound protein opsin combines with a light absorbing molecule called retinal. Rhodopsin is found in a sack of membranous disks in the rods. When light is absorbed, opsin changes shape and activates rhodopsin. The activated rhodopsin then activates the G- protein transducin to start transduction. Rods Photo Transduction. Digital image. Comparative Physiology of Vision RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.

5. "9AP Chapter 11 - Cell Communication (detailed)." Quia -. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Sitparan, Paran. Activation of Rhodopsin by Light. Digital image. Ch 50 SENSORY & MOTOR MECHANISMS. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

6. ● Occurs in the retina ● Photoreceptor cells are called cones and rods o Cones - color o Rods - black and white ● Cones and rods transduce the light into visual signals that are then transmitted into nerve impulses ● When rods and cones fire, they send the information to a second layer of cells called bipolar cells ● Bipolar cells give the information to a layer of cells called the ganglion cells ● Then the axons of the ganglion cells, which make up our optic nerve, sends the information to the thalamus in our brain " Signal Transduction Pathway. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.

7. From PowerPoint viewed in class "Sensory Systems : Interactive Summaries." Life: The Science of Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.

8. Our response to all of this is our perception of sight and the images we see. When Rods and Cones send out the neurotransmitter glutamate, the ganglion cells respond by either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing. It is estimated that at least 30% of our cerebral cortex and hundreds of millions of neurons are involved with processing what we actually see. http://www.cell.com/current- biology/fulltext/S0960- 9822(00)00204-9

9. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/m ike/spring2003/lect07.htm Figure 50.22 Synaptic Activity of rod cells in light and dark. Digital image. Ch 50 SENSORY & MOTOR MECHANISMS. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

10. Works Cited Biology, 8e. Struct14.ure of the Vertebrate Eye. Digital image. MasteringBiology for Campbell, Biology, 8e. Person, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 20 "9AP Chapter 11 - Cell Communication (detailed)." Quia -. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014 Campbell, N., & Reece, J. (2008). Chapter 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms. In AP Edition Biology (Eighth ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education. Rods Photo Transduction. Digital image. Comparative Physiology of Vision RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014. Sitparan, Paran. Activation of Rhodopsin by Light. Digital image. Ch 50 SENSORY & MOTOR MECHANISMS. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.