1. So what is AI?

2. What is AI? Views of AI fall into four categories:
Thinking humanly Thinking rationally
Acting humanly Acting rationally
The textbook advocates "acting rationally"

3. State of the art: Game playing

4. State of the art: Robots

5. State of the art: NASA’s Rover on Mars

6. State of the art: DARPA’s Urban Challenge

7. What is AI? Views of AI fall into four categories:
Thinking humanly Thinking rationally
Acting humanly Acting rationally
The textbook advocates "acting rationally"

8. Why do we need AI?
Computer vs. Human
Strength & Weakness

9. Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling
Understand how human brains work
Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain
Now distinct from AI
Called cognitive science
Human intelligence depends on unconscious instinct rather than conscious symbolic logic

10. Acting Humanly: Turing Test
Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
"Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
Suggested major components of AI: language understanding, knowledge, reasoning, learning
Nobody is really designing a “Turing Test Machine”

11. Captcha!

12. Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"
Study the right ways of thinking: logic
Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts
Program exists that can in principle solve any logical problem
Problems:
Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
The knowledge is not 100% certain
Solve a problem “in principle” is not enough!

13. But can machines really think?
Can machines really think like a human?
The Chinese Room argument

14. Acting rationally: rational agent
Rational behavior: doing the right thing
without proving it is the best thing to do
The right thing: which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information
Doesn't necessarily involve thinking, but thinking should be in the service of rational action

15. How about Savage vs. Human?

16. Humanly vs. Rationally Humanly: Rationally Empirical science
Involves hypothesis and experimentation
Rationally
Mathematics (thinking)
Engineering (acting)

17. A brief history of AI Dartmouth conference (1956)
Large amount of research in the 60s
Simple problem solver, logic theorem prover,
People got over-optimistic of AI
First AI winter (70s)
First Revival (80s)
Expert system, billion $$$ business
Second AI winter (85-90s)
Second revival (90s – now)
Increasing computing power, multi-disciplinary approach, mathematical methods, focus on sub-problems

18. Achievements of AI
Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades
No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans

19. Tasks of AI Reasoning Knowledge representation Planning
Solve puzzles, play games, prove theorems
Different from human solvers
Facing resource limitations (time and space)
Knowledge representation
How to represent intuitions
Planning
Learning: unsupervised, supervised, reinforced
Natural language processing
Vision

20. Course overview Introduction (chapters 1,2)
Problem solving (chapter 3-5)
Game playing (chapter 6)
Representation and reasoning (chapters 7-10)
Planning (chapters 11-12)
Probabilistic reasoning and learning (chapters 13-17)