2. CDMA TECHNOLOGY

3. DEFINITION OF CDMA TECHNOLOGY A coding scheme, used as a modulation technique, in which multiple channels are independently coded for transmission over a single wideband channel.

4. BIRTH OF CDMA During second world war. First implemented by the English Allies against the German Army. How English Allies implemented it ???

5. Main types of CDMA technology:  cdmaOne: cdmaOne: The CDMAone can be further classified as IS-94A and IS-95A. IS-94A :- Data rate  14.4 kbps. IS-95A :- Data rate  115 kbps.  cdma2000: cdma2000: cdma2000 can be further divided into its variants namely: 1.1X EV :- Data rate  307 kbps 2.1X EV-DO :- Data rate  2.4 mbps. Both of these variants uses the carrier of 1.25 MHz  WCDMA: WCDMA: Wideband CDMA that forms the basis of 3G networks, Developed originally by Qualcomm, CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread- spectrum technology and a special coding scheme. WCDMA uses 5 MHz bandwidth.

6. CDMA PRINCIPLE Each access to a common channel needs some form of orthogonality. The spread-spectrum form of multiple access exploits the orthogonality in the code domain and is termed code-division multiple-access (CDMA). Each user in a CDMA network is assigned a unique orthogonal code from the ‘ family of orthogonal code sequences’ (FOCS). CDMA2000 systems are currently being deployed in the 450 MHz, 800 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1900 MHz and 2100 MHz bands.

7. HOW THE SIGNAL IS GENERATED IN CDMA ??? There are five steps in CDMA signal generation. analog to digital conversion vocoding encoding and interleaving channelizing the signals conversion of the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal The use of codes is a key part of this process.

8. A/D conversion The first step of CDMA signal generation is analog to digital conversion, sometimes called A/D conversion. CDMA uses a technique called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to accomplish A/D conversion. BACK

9. Voice compression The second step of CDMA signal generation is voice compression. CDMA uses a device called a vocoder to accomplish voice compression. The term "vocoder" is a contraction of the words "voice" and "code." Vocoders are located at the BSC and in the phone BACK

10. Encoding & interleaving Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and the phones. The purpose of the encoding and interleaving is to build redundancy into the signal so that information lost in transmission can be recovered. BACK

11. CHANNELIZATION The encoded voice data is further encoded to separate it from other encoded voice data. The encoded symbols are then spread over the entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel. This process is called channelization. The receiver knows the code and uses it to recover the voice data. BACK

12. Digital to RF conversion The BTS combines channelized data from all calls into one signal. It then converts the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal for transmission.

13. D/A conversion After the CDMA signal is transmitted, the receiver must reverse the signal generation process to recover the voice, as follows: Conversion of RF signal to digital signal Despreading the signal Deinterleaving and decoding Voice decompression Digital to analog voice recovery

14. TWO KINDS OF CODES: WALSH CODES: Walsh codes provide a means to uniquely identify each user on the forward link. Walsh codes have a unique mathematical property--they are "orthogonal PN CODES Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes uniquely identify users on the reverse link. A PN code is one that appears to be random, but isn't. The PN codes used in CDMA yield about 4.4 trillion combinations of code. This is a key reason why CDMA is so secure.

15. WORKING OF CDMA CDMA works on the spread-spectrum technology.But what actually this technology means ? The spread spectrum increases the bandwidth of the message signal by a factor N, called the processing gain Processing gain n = Bss / b In CDMA each bit time is subdivided into m short intervals called chips. Each station is assigned a unique m-bit code or chip sequence. To transmit a 1 bit, a station sends its chip sequence. To transmit a 0 bit, it sends the one’s complement of its chip sequence..

16. APPLICATIONS OF CDMA TECHNOLOGY. Daily Downloads Real time stock quotes Text Communication Sending photos over the air Position Location Services Games and Entertainment

17. ADVANTAGES OF CDMA No SIM card is required,Improved call quality Enhanced privacy,Increased talk time.Increased data rate. resistant to jamming Increased Capacity, can handle more customers better and more consistent sound ignore sounds having no useful content

18. Disadvantages Of CDMA COLLISIONS ROAMING M-COMMERCE

19. Reference www.help2engg.com

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