1. The Structure of Hydrosphere
8th Grade Curriculum – Developed for NCDPI

2. The Structure of Hydrosphere
Oceans—96.5% of water found here
Fresh water—3.5% of water found here
Fresh water distribution:
Ice: %
Groundwater: 1.7%
Surface Fresh Water: %
Atmosphere and soil: %

7. Understanding Where Your Water Is Located—Oceans and Ice
What bodies of water hold the largest amount of water?
Oceans—the largest bodies of water on Earth (contain salt water only)
What features house water as ice?
Icebergs: a large piece of freshwater ice floating in open waters
Glaciers: any large mass of ice that moves slowly over land

8. Location of Ice containing fresh water

10. Water Cycle Water Cycle
The amount of water on the planet follows the law of conservation of mass
Water is never created nor destroyed, it only changes forms.

12. Condensation Evaporation Precipitation Transpiration
Draw a picture of the water cycle, be sure to add the following with examples
Condensation
Evaporation
Precipitation
Transpiration

13. Condensation
Water forming tiny droplets of water, sometimes so light they form clouds

15. Evaporation
Water turning into a gas state

17. Precipitation
Water returning falling from the sky as snow, sleet, hail, freezing rain

19. Transpiration
Going directly from a plant or tree to the sky as a gas

21. What is density?
Which is more dense, salt or freshwater?
What if you float an ice cube in each, what would the difference between the ice cubes in the water be and why?

22. Aquifers
Where is most of the water located after the polar ice caps and glaciers?
In the ground
Ground water is located in places called aquifers

23. Answer these questions
What does impermeable mean?
What does permeable mean?

24. Aquifers Underground water that is trapped by impermeable rock
Impermeable-water cannot flow through it
Granite or bedrock
Permeable-water can flow through it
Sandstone or sand

28. Artesian Wells
Artesian wells-water that can come up through a well dug into an aquifer with pressure
Think of shaking a can of soda and jamming a straw into it, what happens?
What happens when the pressure is gone?

31. Importance of Aquifers
What do you think are the two most important reasons for aquifers
1. stores water for use
2. can assist the filtration of some pollutants out of the water
NOT ALL HOWEVER-think back to our lab.

32. Fresh Water Locations—Surface Water
What is the difference between a watershed and a river basin?
Both terms describe land that drains into a river, stream or lake
River Basin: the term used to describe interconnected rivers that lead to one large river.
Watershed: the term used to describe the land that drains into a any river or stream

33. Watersheds and River Basins
What is the largest river basin in NC (connecting rivers and streams to a large river)
The Cape Fear River basin has 9,322 square miles

34. Many watersheds make up 1 river basin.
The land around the Cape Fear River is a watershed

35. Cape Fear River Basin: many watersheds make up the river basin

37. Let’s Make a River Basin
Using your finger or a pencil, draw a river basin with 1 large river and several small streams leading to it.
Questions
1. Why is it important to keep those smaller streams clean?
2. Where do we get most of our drinking water in Cumberland County?

38. Cape Fear Watershed: The land around the river is the watershed.

39. Let’s Make a Watershed
Make one large river running through your pans. This is the Cape Fear River.
Make 8 structures to place on the land (watershed) by cutting out some paper and drawing a small picture on it.
Things like gas stations, farms, stores, houses, neighborhoods, and schools

40. Questions!
3. What pollutants might leave these structures and drain from the watershed area into the Cape Fear River?
4. Why is it important to keep watersheds clean? (watersheds=land around a river)

41. Additional factors that could pollute watersheds and river basins.
Runoff from farms is the biggest pollutant that runs into rivers.
What is actually running off?
Fertilizer and manure
Cars is perhaps the 2nd biggest-oil, gas, transmission fluid, and brake fluid

43. Water Rights-draw a river and make two cities at different spots.
Durham
Fayetteville
Who has the rights?

44. Who has the rights? This is a concern for humans.
Who has the right to the water in the river in your drawing? Provide 2 reasons for your response
This is a major concern in North Carolina.

45. Commercial Vs. Personal Uses
What is the difference between personal use of water and commercial use of water?
Commercial-uses for business
Personal-use at home
Who has priority of water? Provide two examples for your answer

46. Commercial Farming

47. Commercial Farming

48. Personal Use

49. Water Usage
Make a list (at least 5 items) since your arrival to science class about all things you have encountered since you woke up this morning that have water in them.
Examples: shower or bath this morning, brushing your teeth, breakfast this morning (milk’s main ingredient is water), drinks from the drinking fountain this morning, flushing the toilet ect.

50. Water Usage
How much water (gallons) on average do you think American households use each day?
135 gallons per house or apt.
Let’s find some examples of our class shall we.

51. Water Usage
What are two ways that you could decrease your use of water?
Example: do not leave water running while brushing teeth
Ways to save water

52. Who is in charge of keeping our rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans clean?
EPA-Environmental Protection Agency
What are two things you can do to help keep oceans clean?
What are some ways that we could monitor how healthy our water is?

53. Other Surface Waters What is a wetland?
An area where water is near or above the land surface, long enough during the year to support adapted plant growth

54. Types of wetlands Swamps, bogs, and marshes
Swamp: a wetland dominated by trees
Bogs: a wetland dominated by peat moss
Marshes: a wetland dominated by grasses

55. North Carolina Wetlands

56. North Carolina Swamps: Notice swamps are characterized by trees and water.

57. North Carolina Bogs: Notice how bogs are water and peat moss (type of soil)

58. North Carolina Marsh: Notice how a marsh is made up of water and grass