1. Introduction of PCA and energy flow pattern in lower limb Reporter: Yu-shin Chang Date: 99/02/05

2. Questions ? Would healthy elders with decreased ankle joint power tend to adopt hip strategies when walking faster? Weaker plantar flexor muscle induced lesser ankle joint power generation in elders would cause energy flow disruption and redistribution thus disturb propulsion Would healthy elders reveal distinct power coordination from healthy young adults?

3. Objective To investigate lower limb energy transfer, changes in joint coordination and compensation that elders adopt due to aging. Design Principal component analysis(PCA) Mechanical energy model Participants 11 healthy elder(mean=68 yrs) 11 healthy young adults(mean=25yrs)

4. All subjects walked along a 10m walkway in self-selected speed & faster speed Choose 3 successful trials to analysis Main outcome measurements: Temporal-spatial parameters and kinematic and kinetic parameters ◦ Joint angles ◦ Joint moment ◦ Joint power ◦ Segmental power

5. Results: Elders: ◦ reduced peak ankle power generation ◦ More knee power absorption ◦ More hip flexor power  weak plantar-flexors in elders for locomotion. ◦ At fast speed generate more hip concentric power than self-selected speed  hip strategy

6. Conclusion: Decreased ankle power in elders induce compensation of other muscular.  energy distributing abnormally thus evoke hip flexor and knee extensor simultaneously act to balance. Lower thigh segment energy due to insufficient ankle power and need mor hip flexor power for larger stride length. Produced lesser power from transverse and frontal plane  more instable in gait.

7. Kinematic data analysis Hip, knee, ankle joint angles Linear / angular velocity Kinetic data analysis COP: calculated from GRF and moment measured on force plate. Joint reaction force and moment: use inverse dynamics Joint power: product of joint moment and angular velocity Data analysis

8. Segment mechanical energy ◦ Kinetic energy(Ek): the energy possessed by a body in motion Ek= 1/2mv 2 + 1/2 I ω 2 (linear) + (rotation) ◦ Potential energy(Ep): the energy is acquired through a change in configuration of body Ep=mgh  total mechanical energy E = Ek + Ep

9. Segmental power terms ◦ Segmental joint force power(translation) P ft = F ● V +: energy flow “into ”segment - : energy fow “out ” segment ◦ Segmental joint force power(rotation) P fr = ω s ● (r x F) ◦ Segment joint moment power(P m ) P m = M ● ω s +: flow of energy from muscle into segment - : flow of energy into muscle Segmental total power(P s ) P s = (P ftp + P ftd )+(P frp + P frd ) +(P mp + P md )

10. Segmental power terms Power flow pattern model the lower extremity was treated as 4 segment linked system. ◦ Pelvis ◦ Thigh ◦ Shank ◦ Foot

11. Principal component analysis (PCA)

12. PCA model PCA model(Principal Components Analysis): ◦ reduce data dimensionality by performing a covariance analysis between variables and expressiong the data in such a way to highlight their similarities and differences. ◦ Find the direction in the data with the most variation

13. Use 2 PCA models to identify ◦ joint coordination by using power flow terms that across joints and segments ◦ The most important factors that could discriminate gait pattern of healthy elders from healthy young

14. PCA model 1 ◦ Step1: calculate the covariance matirx of data parameters ◦ Step2: determine eigenvalue and eigenvector of C E ： principle component base λ ： degree of variance in data

15. Step 3: principle component - determine 1 st q component to analysis depends on how much ability of these components can express variance. -the higher eigenvalue the more variance it was explained. Step4: name and explain each component

16. PCA model 2 Convert into (raw data) (new orthogonal principal component) Z i =principle component score(PC score) -Composed of the coefficient which measure the contribution of the principle component to each individual Original waveform data. -analyzed for group difference using Student’s t-tests.

17. PCA 1 V.S. PCA 2 Model 1: Capture information of each parameter independent of time and show some principle components that can represent the main profile of these input  useful for observing power coordination Model 2: Differentiate difference in each frame of input data and show these differences by degrees with principal components.  Sensitive in time domain

18. Mechanical energy model

19. Energy analysis of lower extremity 2 methods to determine segment power ◦ Forward dynamic model-based method ◦ Inverse dynamics Segmental power analysis could not track directly the work done by calf muscle on the trunk during push off. Instead, compared ankle joint power to energy passively transferred through the hip into the trunk via the proximal linear power term (Meinders, 2001)

20. Forward dynamic model combined with segmental power analysis in lower limb  quantify the mechanical energy transferred through the leg by the net joint moments Neptune et al: examine the effect of individual ankle plantar flexor muscle contributions to support and forward progression. Kepple et al: showed pairs of joint moment with opposite energetic effect work together to balance flow through the segment(ankle plantar/hip flexor)  eg: hip moment remove energy from leg and simultaneously ankle moment supplies energy to leg during push-off. Therefore, it suggested compensation between hip and ankle for muscle weakness.

21. Energy flow is a complicate and time-dependent data. Gait data is temporal waveforms including time- dependence informaiton. PCA is an useful tool for capturing time- direction information and give insight into the dominate performance in power coordination.

22. Future work of thesis Use PCA model to find the component of elderly fallers in gait pattern. ◦ Find motor deficit(eg. Muscle weakness but peripheral n. intact )elderly fallers to be sujects. ◦ the lower extremity is treated as 3 segament linked system.(hip/knee/ankle; proximal/distal) ◦ Muscular data would come from saggital motion(hip flexor/extensor; knee flexor extensor/ ankle dorsi/plantar flexion)

23. Thank you for listening! To be continued~