1. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 1 of 29 Session I.4.3 Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 4Sources of Radiation Session 3Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Neutron Sources IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

2. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 2 of 29  In this session we will discuss Radioactive Sources which emit:  Alpha  Beta  Gamma  X-ray  Neutron Overview

3. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 3 of 29 ExampleSpecial UnitsSI Units (37x) environmental samplespicocurie10 -12 millibequerel10 -3 laboratory standardnanocurie10 -9 becquerel10 0 in-vitro tracermicrocurie10 -6 kilobequerel10 3 nuclear medicinemillicurie10 -3 megabequerel10 6 calibration sourcecurie10 0 gigabequerel10 9 teletherapy sourcekilocurie10 3 terabequerel10 12 irradiatormegacurie10 6 petabequerel10 15 Relative Radioactive Source Activity

4. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 4 of 29 ReactorFuel Fission Products Activation Products Non-ReactorMedicalIndustrialMilitaryAviationSupportResearchCommercial Where Radionuclides are Found

5. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 5 of 29 Samples of Radionuclide Sources  Medical  Human Use (MBq-TBq)  Nuclear Medicine  Diagnostic ( 99m Tc, 131 I, 153 Gd, 125 I, 201 Tl)  Therapeutic ( 131 I, 32 P, 89 Sr)  Radiation Therapy  Teletherapy ( 60 Co)  Brachytherapy ( 137 Cs, 192 Ir, 198 Au, 125 I, 109 Pd)  Non-Human Use (KBq)  In-Vitro Laboratory ( 125 I, 51 Cr, 59 Co)

6. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 6 of 29  Industrial (GBq-PBq)  Radiography ( 192 Ir, 60 Co, 137 Cs)  Well Logging ( 241 Am, 137 Cs, 60 Co, 238 U, 131 I, 3 H)  Irradiators ( 60 Co, 137 Cs)  Gauges  Fixed ( 137 Cs, 60 Co, 147 Pm)  Portable ( 241 Am, 137 Cs)  Fuel Cycle (U) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

7. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 7 of 29  Support (KBq or less)  Calibration/Check Sources ( 60 Co, 137 Cs, 239 Pu, 241 Am, 252 Cf, 238 U, 90 Sr, 232 Th)  Laboratory Standards (many)  Research (MBq)  Chromatographs ( 63 Ni)  Education (many) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

8. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 8 of 29  Commercial (varies – typically MBq or less)  Personal  Wristwatches ( 3 H, 147 Pm)  Dinnerware (U)  Recreational  Lantern Mantles ( 232 Th)  Safety  Smoke Detectors ( 241 Am)  Warning/Exit Signs ( 3 H)  Shielding ( 238 U)  Service  Anti-Static Devices ( 210 Po) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

9. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 9 of 29  Military (MBq)  Non-Nuclear Weapons  Armor Piercing Projectiles ( 238 U)  Survival  Lensatic Compasses ( 3 H, 147 Pm)  Chemical Agent Monitors ( 63 Ni, 241 Am, 3 H) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

10. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 10 of 29  Aviation (Bq-MBq)  Operational  Fixed Wing Aircraft  Oil Level Indicators ( 85 Kr)  Aileron Counterweights ( 238 U)  Magnesium/Nickel Skin Panels ( 232 Th)  Spark Gaps/Igniters ( 60 Co)  Helicopter  Blade Integrity and Ice Detection ( 90 Sr) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

11. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 11 of 29  Aviation (MBq-TBq)  Historic Displays/Vintage Aircraft ( 226 Ra)  Safety Items  Runway Lights, Markers and Exit Signs ( 3 H) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

12. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 12 of 29 Sample Alpha, Beta, Gamma Sources

13. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 13 of 29 Sample Alpha Sources

14. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 14 of 29 Sample Beta Sources

15. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 15 of 29 Sample Gamma Sources

16. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 16 of 29 Sample Neutron Sources Most neutron sources are either alpha- beryllium sources (Pu-Be, Am-Be, Ra-Be, Po-Be etc) or Californium-252

17. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 17 of 29 Sample X-Ray Sources

18. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 18 of 29  The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Agreement States (states which have been granted the authority by the NRC) perform engineering and radiation safety evaluations of the ability of sealed sources and devices to safely contain radioactivity under the conditions of their possession and use.  These evaluations are summarized in registrations that NRC maintains in the National Sealed Source and Device Registry (NSSDR). Sealed Source and Device Registry

19. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 19 of 29  The registration certificates contain detailed information on the sources and devices, such as how they are permitted to be distributed and possessed, design and function, radiation safety, and limitations on use.  Both the NRC and Agreement States issue registration certificates for distributors and manufacturers within their jurisdiction. However, only the NRC is responsible for devices distributed as exempt products such as smoke detectors. Sealed Source and Device Registry

20. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 20 of 29 The database which lists all of the registration certificates that have been issued can be accessed at: http://www.hsrd.ornl.gov/nrc/sources/index.cfm Radioactive material vendors outside of the United States are required to establish an address in the United States to which the NRC can correspond and serve papers as necessary to accomplish its mission. Sealed Source and Device Registry

21. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 21 of 29  Some of the information contained in the registration:  Manufacturer and Distributor  Model Number and Source or Device Type  Radionuclides and Activity Used in the Product  Leak Test Frequency  Conditions of Use  Construction of the Product (drawings)  Labeling  Prototype Testing  Radiation Profiles  Quality Control and Quality Assurance  Installation, Servicing, and Instructions to Users Sealed Source and Device Registration

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29. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 29 of 29 Where to Get More Information  Cember, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 3 rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)  Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8 th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999)  International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, IAEA, Vienna (1995)