1. Genre in films: Discuss some of the ways in which formulas are repeated in film texts, and account for the popularity of this practice.

2. Genre – a definition A genre is a type of film, but it’s also a system of signs used by filmmakers and audiences to make meaning. Specific genre can be defined by typical plots, characters, themes and cinematic techniques.

3. Genres exist in the film industry for a number of reasons: To capitalise on successful formulas by repeating them in slightly different format To differentiate the producer’s product + target specific audiences Economic efficiency Audience expectation Framework for director’s style Way for reviewers + audiences to differentiate

4. Narrative formulas Films often work with narrative technique which is so popular it has become known as classical narrative structure Classical narrative structure is tried and tested method for producers ? Story told in chronological order with a clear beginning, middle and end – easy to write, produce and act So common can apply lots of theorists: Todorov, Propp, Branigan

5. Cinematic techniques Camera techniques re-used to establish genre e.g. noir = unconventional angles, closed frames, creature feature = ?

6. Iconography Iconography in genre develops through repetition Defined by Bordwell and Thompson as “recurring symbolic images that carry meaning from film to film” Refers to objects, settings, physical attributes, colour symbolism e.g. cigarettes, trench-coat, trilby = iconographic of noir’s angst-ridden hero

7. Plot Genre can also be defined by conventional storylines e.g. in Bond films, hero always completes a dangerous mission Creature features: clash of man (civilised) and monster (uncivilised) often within Manhattan setting e.g. King Kong, Godzilla, Jaws, Alligator, Jurassic Park

8. Characters in genre… A genre film also uses stock characters or types that fit into these plot formulas e.g. noir = hero (Hartigan), femme fatale (Gail), villain (Yellow Bastard), weaker female (Becky), corrupt cop (Jackie Boy) e.g. creature feature = hero (Driscoll), heroine (Darrow), villain (Denham)…

9. Representation + stereotyping Representation: when filmmakers use character types to establish roles quickly giving a restrictive mental picture = stereotype E.g. Driscoll – feeble writer, natives – savages, Kong – savage

10. Stars Stars images are another generic convention associated with character that can be used by filmmakers. E.g. Bruce Willis as action adventure hero, Alba as feisty, ‘kick ass’ heroine, Del Toro as depraved baddie