1. 1 Migrations Out of Italy 1. Features of mass migrations (1880s-1914). 2. Women left in Italy. 3. Migrant women to the US and their social and political activism. 4. Melania Mazzucco and Italian-American writers.

2. 2 The Great Migration (1876-1914) Europe (tot. circa 6,100,000) Main countries - France: 1,600,000 - Switzerland: 1,300,000 - Germany: 1,200,000

3. 3 The Great Migration (1876-1914) Out of Europe (tot. circa 7,300,000) Main countries: - United States4,100,000 - Argentina1,770,000 - Brazil1,200,000

4. 4 Migrant Flows 1880s-1900: from N. Italy to Europe and South America. 1900-1914: from S. Italy to North America.

5. 5 Causes of Migrant Flows Demography Agriculture Taxes Industries

6. 6 Women Left Behind 2 out of 3 Italian migrants were males. Migrant families mostly from the south. Why? Women activism at home.

7. 7 Women in the USA Clothing manufacturing and artificial flower industry in New York City. Just domestic work for married women? i.e. Endicott Johnson Company (shomakers) and silk industry in Paterson, NJ.

8. 8 Women Activism Entrepreneur women (boarding, restaurants, groceries). Female teachers, rural work, nuns. Political and labor activism (e.g. Maria Roda).

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10. 10 I-A Women Writers (1 st generation) Helen Barolini, “Umbertina” (1979). Tina DeRosa, Josephine Gattuso Hendin, Anna Monardo. Topics: patriarchalism, chauvinism, generation clash.

11. 11 I-A Women Writers (2 nd generation) Carol Maso, “Ghost Dance” (1995). Topics: social marginality, female homosexuality, madness.