1. Stressors Affecting Elimination Urinary NUR101 Fall 2009 Lecture # 22 K. Burger, MSED, MSN, RN, CNE PPP By Sharon Niggemeier RN, MSN

2. AnatomyPhysiology Anatomy & Physiology §Kidneys §Ureters §Bladder §Urethra

3. Nephron Function §Functional unit of kidney §1 million per kidney §1200 ml blood pass through the kidney/min §Wastes cannot be excreted as solids; must be excreted in solution §Normal urine production = 1 ml / minute §Kidneys must produce 30 ml/hr minimum

4. Nephron Function §Blood filtered through glomerulus §this filtrate moves into Bowman’s capsules §proceeds into proximal tubule where water /electrolytes/glucose & protein are reabsorbed §Loop of Henley – water and solutes such as Na & Cl, are reabsorbed (urine becomes more concentrated) §distal convoluted tubules allows for water and NA reabsorbtion. Controlled reabsorption (by ADH antidiuretic hormone) regulates F/E balance…..collecting duct

5. Act of Micturition §Urine moves from the kidneys through ureters via peristaltic waves into bladder. §Bladder fills & detrusor muscles sense pressure §Structures and functions for voluntary control of voiding: -External sphincter- restrain or interrupt act -Conscious brain- starts act -Intact spinal cord- needed or else message from the brain is not received.

6. Alterations in Urinary Function §Incontinence- brain is not receiving impulse or loss of external sphincter control §Retention- distended bladder due to nerve impulses not perceived or muscles unable to function

7. Characteristics of Urine §Amount 1200 ml/day average §Color §Odor See Next Slide §pH 4.6 – 8.0 §Turbidity §Specific gravity 1.010 – 1.025 §Constituents

8. Factors That Affect Voiding §Food/fluid intake + loss §Developmental factors See Next Slide §Stress §Activity/Muscle tone §Life style §Medications §???

9. Geriatric Considerations §Decreased ability of kidneys to concentrate urine and decreased bladder capacity = nocturia §Decreased muscle tone of bladder = increased frequency §Decreased bladder contractility & stasis = increased frequency of UTI §Changes in cognition and mobility (in some) = increased incontinence issues

10. Assessing Urinary Status §Usual patterns §Recent changes §Difficulties §Artificial Orifices

11. Physical Assessment §Kidneys: §R kidney located 12 rib §L kidney lower §Tenderness during palpation at costoverterbral angle? §Bladder: §Below symphysis pubis §Supine position to examine §Observe-roundness §Palpate-tenderness, how high it distends §Percussion- full bladder dull sound

12. Assessment: Lab Results §Urinalysis- WBC, RBC, protein, glucose, bacteria = abnormal constituents §BUN (blood urea nitrogen) end product of protein metabolism… 10-20 mg/dL Increased BUN (azotemia) signifies impaired kidney function… affected by diet ( hi protein intake ) and fluids ( dehydration ) Decreased BUN signifies impaired liver function Many drugs elevate BUN (antibiotics, lasix +++)

13. Assessment: Lab Results §Serum creatinine - by product of muscle metabolism…excreted entirely by kidneys… Normal = 0.5-1.2 mg/dL Increased levels signify renal impairment §BUN: Creatinine ratio- 20:1… when both rise together indicates kidney failure or disease

14. Altered Urinary Functioning Terms to Know §Anuria §Dysuria §Enuresis §Frequency §Glycosuria §Hematuria §Hesitancy §Frequency §Incontinence §Nocturia §Oliguria §Polyuria §Pyuria §Retention §Urgency §Proteinuria

15. Assessing Urinary Retention §Feeling of fullness §Voiding small amounts < 50 ml §Normal intake/inadequate output §Distended bladder §Discomfort §Bladder Scan If > 300 ml should catheterize

16. Nursing Dx R/T Urinary Elimination  Impaired urinary elimination  Urinary retention  Functional urinary incontinence  Overflow urinary incontinence  Stress urinary incontinence  Reflex urinary incontinence  Urge urinary incontinence  Total urinary incontinence  Risk for infection r/t urinary retention and/or urinary catheterization  Risk for impaired skin integrity r/t urinary incontinence  Situational low self esteem r/t incontinence

17. Outcome Criteria Patient will: §Empty bladder completely at regular intervals §Decrease episodes of incontinence §Maintain regular urinary elimination pattern §Develop adequate Intake/Output §Have decreased dysuria

18. Nursing Interventions §Maintain voiding habits §Promote fluid intake §Strengthen muscle tone Kegels 30-80/day §Stimulate urination Auditory Tactile

19. Interventions: Toileting §Toilet §Commode §Bedpan §Urinal §Disposable“ Hat” §Fx pan §Safety Concerns §Female Hygiene

20. Interventions for Urinary Incontinence §Bladder training/ Habit training §External urinary device - Condom Catheter §Indwelling catheter-LAST resort

21. Condom Catheter (Texas Cath ) §Rubber condom placed on penis of incontinent males §Connects to drainage bag to collect urine §Easy to apply and observe §Comfortable §Doesn’t require intubation §Prevents skin irritation from incontinence

22. Condom Catheter §Check every 2-4 hrs. §Remove and replace every 24 hrs. §Maintain free urinary drainage §Never tape to skin §Leave 1-2 inch space at tip of penis §Secure snuggly but not too tight §Follow manufacturer instructions

23. Urinary Catheterization Used to: §Keep bladder deflated during surgery §Measure residual urine PVR (post void residual) should be < 50 ml §Relieve retention §Obtain sterile urine specimen May use either: §Straight catheter or indwelling catheter

24. Indwelling catheter Refer to Lab Worksheet §Catheter inserted into urinary meatus through urethra into bladder to drain urine §Last resort as it introduces microbes into bladder…leading to UTI (urinary tract infection) §Performed using sterile technique...MD order needed §Remains in place via inflated balloon ALSO Suprapubic Catheter – diverts urethra Urologic Stents- temporary in ureters permanent in urethra Ileal Conduit – diversion of ureters to ileum and stoma; requires appliance

25. Medications Affecting Urinary Elimination §Antibiotics …work against infection Bactrim, Levaquin, Cipro §Urinary antispasmotics …relieve spasms with UTI Ditropan, Pro-Banthine §Diuretics….increase urinary output Lasix, Diuril §Cholinergics…increase muscle tone & function Used for urinary retention, neurogenic bladder Urecholine

26. Urinary Specimen Collection Refer to Lab Worksheet §Routine urinalysis §Clean-catch/midstream urine §Sterile specimen ( catheterization or from indwelling catheter) §24 hr. urine

27. Evaluating Urinary Elimination §Frequency §Amount §Ease/Difficulty §Color §Appearance §Odor