1. Hellenistic Schools of Philosophy

2. Walking Visit to Athens in Late 3 rd Century BCE West of walls of city, road to Diplon Gate: Academy -seeks TRUTH By Contemplation The Garden In Agora:Stoa East of walls of City:Lyceum

3. Philosophies Attributed back to Founders What is the Highest good?What leads to Eudaemonia, Happiness? Aristotelian Lyceum Balanced Life of virtue, pleasure, material goods, friendship; therefore aristocrats are better equipped for attaining the highest good. Golden Mean-courage between recklessness and cowardice. Sexism in golden mean as different standards of virtue for male and female Epicurean Garden Highest good is Pleasure. What kind of pleasures are best? Alternative portraits of Epicurus. Stoic School Highest good is Virtue. Conform human will to universal natural moral law. Slaves and Aristocrats equally capable of attaining highest good. Middle Academy of Carneades Academic skeptics say “I do not know.” Too hard to attain knowledge of Plato’s forms. One cannot know universal natural moral law. Carneades teaches probabilism—cast all in doubt, accept likely view tentatively.

4. Academy, founded by Plato 387 BCE and continues until Justinian closes it in 529 CE Republic (Allegory of the Cave on reality of Forms or Ideas; Tripartite Psyche: reason=Philosopher Kings, spirit = Guardians, appetites= Workers). Crito (on obeying unjust law or decree) Some scholars interpret Socrates as Platonic Academy Sceptical under Carneades 213-129 BCE (influences Cicero 106-43 BCE ) Plato’s Apology (Socrates speech at his trial on role as gadfly), dialectical method Other scholars interpret Socrates as Sceptical Academy Neoplatonistic under Plotinus (205-270 CE) -influences mysticism of Augustine

5. Lyceum, founded by Aristotle 335 BCE Politics (6 forms of government; deliberative faculty in men, women and slaves), Nicomachean Ethics (golden mean); also wrote biological works such as On the Generation of Animals Most influential school on Thomas Aquinas and 13 th century universities The Garden, founded by Epicurus ca. 306 BCE Fragments of Epicurus Lucretius, On the Nature of Things The Stoa, founded by Zenoca. 304 BCE Romans Cicero and Seneca and of Roman Jew Josephus Most influential school on Romans, Emp. Marcus Aurelius and slave Epictetus