1. UNIT 1 TEST REVIEW Let’s kick some BUTT!

2. An Author’s Tone It is the attitude of the author. Throwin’ shade on either -the subject -the character -the audience How the #AUTHORFEELS.

3. Examples of Tone  Optimistic tone: Authors may feel hopeful about the characters or the situation they are writing about. They may think everything will turn out for the best.  Pessimistic tone: Authors may feel hopeless about the characters or the situation. They may think everything will turn out for the worst.  Philosophical tone: Authors may feel neither hopeful nor hopeless about the characters or situation. They may think that everything will turn out as it was meant to. 

4. EXAMPLES OF TONE  Angry tone: Authors may feel enraged about the characters or situations they are writing about.  Humorous tone: Authors may feel amused by the characters or situations. They think their subject is funny, and they want their readers to laugh.  Satirical tone: Authors may try to make the characters or situations seem ridiculous so that readers will recognize themselves in the story and try to change their actions.

5. TONE VS. MOOD

6. WRITING IN A TONE OF VOICE  DICTION is the author’s choice of words. Diction shapes the reader’s perceptions and thoughts. The writer’s purpose partly determines diction. Diction can be formal or informal.  EXAMPLE: Art is the antidote that can call us back from the edge of numbness, restoring the ability to feel for another. Barbara Kingsolver, High Tide in Tucson  Analysis of diction: An antidote is something that counteracts a poison. By associating antidote with the restoration of ability to feel for another person, the author implies that the inability to feel for another is poison. Furthermore, this poison is so harmful that it takes us to the “edge of numbness.”

7. WRITING IN A TONE OF VOICE  DETAIL includes facts, observations, and incidents used to develop a subject. Specific details create a precise mental picture. Detail brings life and color to description, focusing the reader’s attention and bringing the reader into the scene. The author’s use of detail influences the reader’s views of the topic.  EXAMPLE: The day has been hot and sultry. The sun has set behind great banks of clouds which are piling up on the northwestern horizon. Now that the light is beginning to fade, the great masses of cumulus, which are slowly gathering and rising higher toward the zenith, are lit up by pale flashes of sheet-lightning. W.J. Holland, The Moth Book  Analysis of details: The underlined details contribute to the reader’s mental picture of the clouds. These details—especially their order—imitate the building of the storm and capture the tension of the building storm, thus deepening the reader’s involvement.

8. WRITNG IN A TONE OF VOICE  IMAGERY is the verbal representation of sensory experience. In literature all five senses may be represented: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell.  EXAMPLE: The rainy night had ushered in a misty morning—half frost, half drizzle—and temporary brooks crossed our path, gurgling from the highlands. Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights  Analysis of imagery:Visual images include misty morning, half frost, half drizzle; a sound image is the word gurgling; rainy night and temporary brooks appeal to both sight and sound. Rain, mist, and frost are traditionally associated with feelings of sadness and depression, so the purpose of these images is to reinforce those feelings in the reader.

9. WRITING TONE OF VOICE CONT.  SYNTAX refers to the way words are arranged within sentences.  word order —Departing from the usual word order (subject-verb- object/complement) can draw attention to the idea expressed in the sentence.  sentence length —A short sentence following a longer sentence emphasizes the idea in the short sentence. Many modern writers put key ideas in short sentences.  sentence focus —If the main idea is at the end of the sentence, the focus is on the main idea. If the main idea is at the beginning of the sentence, the focus is more on the ideas at the end of the sentence.

10. WRITING TONE OF VOICE CONT.   repetition of a word, phrase, or clause emphasizes the repeated idea and focuses the reader’s attention.  parallel structure —The author may construct words, phrases, or clauses in a similar way to show their equal importance or to connect ideas.

11. CHARACTER MOTIVATION What motivates a character? What drives their action?

12. PERSONALITY FLAW (Tragic Flaw) -A flaw in one’s character -Usually get’s them into trouble

13. MAKING INFERENCES (to INFER)

14. WHAT IS CONFLICT? A struggle between two opposing forces. #thestruggleisreal

15. ALLUSION  It is a reference within one literary work to another work of literature, art, or a real event.

16. AVANT GARDE -Radical or advanced for the times -New and unusual or experimental ideas

17. WORDS ANALOGIES Word analogies express relationships between pairs of words. They can help readers understand unfamiliar words. To complete the analogy, put it into sentence form so that the relationship is clear. 1. cold : frigid :: rescue : ________________ Cold means the same as frigid just as rescue means the same as _______ Practice:Determine the type of relationship on which each analogy is based. Put the analogy in sentence form. Use these words:rejuvenated fanatical atrocity eccentric dejected 1. intelligent : clever :: strange :: __________ 2. annoyed : furious :: interested :: ___________ 3. gift : delighted :: problem : __________ 4. bored : excited :: fatigued : __________ 5. goodwill : charity :: cruelty : ___________

18. FORMALITY IN MEDIA  Formality in media—the level of sophistication in language, word choice, appearance, and delivery of media messages  How does the formality of the first image differ from the formality of the second image? A. The first image is similar in formality with the second image. B. The first image is less formal in style. C. The first image is more formal in style.

19. PUNCTUATING SARCASM USE “QUOTATIONS” AROUND A SARCATIC REMARK Jenny got a terrible haircut, and I’m still mad at her for putting the kissy face Emoji on Brad’s profile pic. So, when she walked into the room I said, “Nice haircut.”

20. COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCES 2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (CAN stand alone) 1 SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (CANNOT stand alone) EXAMPLE: IF YOU STUDY FOR THIS UNIT TEST, YOU WILL PASS, AND I WILL DO THE HAPPY DANCE.

21. NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES  Contains NON-ESSENTIAL information and can be CUT OUT WITH COMMAS! EX: My fat cat, who weighs 35 pounds, has been put on a diet.

22. INFINITIVE PHRASES EX: In order to succeed, you must be motivated! EX: to read to write to walk to dream to talk to play