1. Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. G-APD Photon detection efficiency Simonetta Gentile 1 F.Meddi 1 E.Kuznetsova 2 [1]Università di Roma, La Sapienza, INFN [2 ]curremtly DESY 1

2. Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. Outline  Motivation  Measurements Setup  Samples  Fitting Procedureses  Results  Conclusions  The results presented are preliminary. 2

3. Motivation  Multi-pixel Geiger-mode photodiodes (G-APDs) used in calorimetric detectors.The crucial point is:  The Photon Detection Efficiency Every detector can only convert a certain percentage of incident photons to signals. This overall efficiency is dependent on factors such as the surface reflection, fill factor, quantum efficiency and amplification probability. It is depending from λ.  Comparison in same experimental conditions of various samples from different manufactures. Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 3

4. Terms  Fill factor. The percentage of detector’s surface area which is sensitive to photons  Crosstalk. With multiple avalanche regions on a single device one avalanche process may create photons that trigger another cell.The result is a pulse with doubled amplitude  After-pulsing. When the quenching does not completly drain all the charges in the sensitive area the cell will fire again a short time after the original pulse. This is caused by so-called charge-traps in the avalanche region, which capture single charges and release them again after a while. Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 4

5. Measurement Set up  Reference PMT HAMAMTSU H5783P calibrated efficiency for λ =380-650nm  Filters FWHM ± 3nm.  Optical Fibers: 50 µm core  OpticalConnectors : superFC/PC  To estimate and correct for different optic coupling and reconnection systematic error other measurements with crossed fibers are also done Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 5 Thermalized box (Δ T ~0.1 0 C)

6. Measurement Setup Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 6

7. Samples Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. Eugeny Tarkosky CPTA 7

8. MPPC S10362-11-025U Hamamatsu pedestalsignal Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 8 λ=450nm

9. Wavelenghths Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 9

10. Fit Procedure: Reference Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. Single photon width Due to ADC resolution signal ampification λ= 1.84± 0.33 Direct measurement, no amplification Events/bin charge [ADC counts] wavelenght 450nm

11. Fit Procedure : Reference  Reference PMT Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 11 ORTEC NIM amplifier λ= 1.71± 0.02 PMT ε ref evaluated = 20.33 +0.27 -0.28 % N(x)=N x Noise x Poisson(n,λ) wavelenght 450nm

12. Fit Procedure: Silicon PhotoMultipliers Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 12  Ideal case  Real situation  Termogeneration  After-Pulse  Cross-talk G-APD reponse: gain

13.  Hamamatsu MPPC: S10362-11-025U G ~3.4 10 5  AfterPulse depending from gate lenght Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 13 Fit Procedure: Silicon PhotoMultipliers Events/bin charge [ADC counts]

14. After Pulses       Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 14 Double gaussian approximation for the after –pulse contribution δ 1,2 distance from gaussian simulating AP from main peak Residual distribution after a substraction of best-fitted ideal gaussians from the signal spectrum charge [ADC counts] Residuals

15. After Pulse fit Fit Procedure yelds:  Probability to get i cells fired.  After Pulse probability: AP ~ 15% ( 65 ns gate) Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 15 Events/bin charge [ADC counts]

16. Cross talk  In ideal case without cross-talk the value of P 0 i are distributed according Poisson statistics Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. Binomial coeff.

17. Cross talk fit  N γ = 1.55 ± 0.02  Xtalk = 0.20 ± 0.01  1-AP = 0.84 ± 0.01 Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 17 Events/bin charge [ADC counts] Peak number Probability to observe i fired cells obtained from signal fit P Exercise: N γ PMT ≈1.71/0.2033 =8.4 PDE= N γ / N γ PMT ≈ 18%

18. Optical contact  A source of systematics is the optical contact The absolute error is ~1% Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 18

19. Photon detection results Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 19 S10362-11-025U MPPC Hamamatsu Including AP and xtalk G~2.75 *10 5

20. CPTA Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 20 λ=600nm

21. CPTA 2009 Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 21 signal noise Ideal case: Real situation:  Termogeneration → ~ 30% our timing  After-pulsing→minor compared to Termogener.  Cross-talk →much lower than Hamamatsu G ~4.7 *10 5 gate 65ns

22. Gain vs HV Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 22 Gain vs HV ADC counts CPTA ADC counts Gain vs HV CPTA

23. PDE CPTA Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 23 Preliminary results  Ignoring Thermogeneration contribution.  AP considered as a correction term taking in account AP and TG  Low crosstalk value  No sensitivity to crosstalk in the fit CPTA charge [ADC counts] Events/bin

24. PDE CPTA Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 24 Similar results extrapolating all point at 32.5V

25. PDE vs HV Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 25 λ=600nm dir connect at 32.7V PDE extrap ~ 10.14 ±0.08 % PDE meas=10.07±0.09 % m=0.55±0.01 Not included error on wavelenght As test: λ=565nm x connect m=0.55±0.02 m=0.64±0.02 λ=450nm dit connect PDE extrap[%] 32.7V,32.5 V 565nm 21.15 ±0.23 19.05 ±0.22 450nm 5.90 ± 0.05 5.23±0.05 Only statistical error

26. CPTA Crosstalk Average x-talk  ~ 1.7%  Thermogeneration taken in account  Asymmetric shape AP Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 26 γ=1/ (α τ -1) τ trap life time α recovery time Events/bin charge [ADC counts] Peak number P

27. IRST Pedestal Signal Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 27 λ=600nm Different light intensity of CPTA sample IRST Peculiar specimen

28. Conclusion  Estimation of PDE based on LED response measurements on Hamatsu and CPTA G-APD.  Fit procedure including individual AP and cross talk  Systematic error:  Different fibers for reference and test detector.Neglegible  Reconnection of fibers. Weighted mean over several mesaurements after reconnection  Fit procedure: weighted mean over serveral mesaurements for different light intensities  Possible improvement of fit procedure Simonetta Gentile, LCWS10, 26-30 March 2010, Beijing,China. 28