1. Peter Motavalli, Bunjirtluk Jintaridth, Johannes Lehmann, Keith Goyne, and Jere Gilles ASSESSING AND MANAGING SOIL QUALITY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS SANREM-CRSP CROSS-CUTTING INITIATIVE

2. Soil degradation is a major global environmental problem, resulting in increased poverty and severe environmental problems (e.g., decreased biodiversity and water quality) (Eswaran et al., 1997).Soil degradation is a major global environmental problem, resulting in increased poverty and severe environmental problems (e.g., decreased biodiversity and water quality) (Eswaran et al., 1997). For example, the loss of potential productivity due to soil erosion world wide is estimated to be equivalent to some 20 million tons of grain per year (UNEP, 1999).For example, the loss of potential productivity due to soil erosion world wide is estimated to be equivalent to some 20 million tons of grain per year (UNEP, 1999). INTRODUCTION

3. Almost 75% of Central America’s, 45% of South America’s, and 11% of Asia’s agricultural land have been seriously degraded. (Scherr, 1999; Heerink, 2001).Almost 75% of Central America’s, 45% of South America’s, and 11% of Asia’s agricultural land have been seriously degraded. (Scherr, 1999; Heerink, 2001). Three-quarters of Africa’s farmland has severe soil degradation caused by wind and soil erosion and loss of mineral nutrients (Heano and Baanante, 2006).Three-quarters of Africa’s farmland has severe soil degradation caused by wind and soil erosion and loss of mineral nutrients (Heano and Baanante, 2006). INTRODUCTION (CONT.)

4. Definition : “ the capacity of a soil …. to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and animal health” (Doran and Parkin,1994). SOIL QUALITY

5. Soil quality depends on the capacity of a soil to perform a desired ecosystem functionSoil quality depends on the capacity of a soil to perform a desired ecosystem function Soil functions –Soil functions –  sustaining biological activity, diversity, and productivity  regulating and partitioning water and solute flow  filtering, degrading, immobilizing and detoxifying organic and inorganic species  storing and cycling of nutrients  providing structural support SOIL QUALITY (CONT.)

6. Biological indicators – (e.g., microbial community structure and activity)Biological indicators – (e.g., microbial community structure and activity) Chemical indicators – (e.g., pH, CEC)Chemical indicators – (e.g., pH, CEC) Physical indicators – (e.g., infiltration, bulk density, water-holding capacity)Physical indicators – (e.g., infiltration, bulk density, water-holding capacity) Soil organic matter is an important soil quality index because of its integral role in soil biological, physical and chemical processes (Carter, 2002)Soil organic matter is an important soil quality index because of its integral role in soil biological, physical and chemical processes (Carter, 2002) SOIL QUALITY (CONT.) USDA Soil Quality Test Kit

7. Assess community perceptions and indicators of soil quality, including differences in perceptions of soil quality due to gender, environment and socio-economic factors.Assess community perceptions and indicators of soil quality, including differences in perceptions of soil quality due to gender, environment and socio-economic factors. Determine the effectiveness of spectroscopic- based (i.e., near-infrared, mid-infrared, and visible range) analytical methods to evaluate soil organic matter fractions and soil quality in degraded and non-degraded soils in a wide range of environments.Determine the effectiveness of spectroscopic- based (i.e., near-infrared, mid-infrared, and visible range) analytical methods to evaluate soil organic matter fractions and soil quality in degraded and non-degraded soils in a wide range of environments. To collaborate in the evaluation of soil metagenomic methods as an indicator of soil degradation.To collaborate in the evaluation of soil metagenomic methods as an indicator of soil degradation. OBJECTIVES

8. Will use participatory workshops of community members and professionalsWill use participatory workshops of community members and professionals What are the specific soil quality indicators that community members use to evaluate soil quality among the different soil types and crops?What are the specific soil quality indicators that community members use to evaluate soil quality among the different soil types and crops? How has soil quality changed over time and why?How has soil quality changed over time and why? The communities will be surveyed to determine the characteristics of a field soil quality testing procedure that would be appropriate for their conditions and for evaluating sustainable agricultural management practices.The communities will be surveyed to determine the characteristics of a field soil quality testing procedure that would be appropriate for their conditions and for evaluating sustainable agricultural management practices. METHODOLOGY

9. COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF SOIL RESOURCES AND SOIL-RELATED PROBLEMS IN BOLIVIA Soil-related problems are only one of several factors limiting crop production.Soil-related problems are only one of several factors limiting crop production. Soil management problems identified were:Soil management problems identified were: Low soil quality and soil fertility (low soil nutrient content, high clay content and stoniness) Low soil quality and soil fertility (low soil nutrient content, high clay content and stoniness) Excessive water and wind-induced soil erosion Excessive water and wind-induced soil erosion Insufficient soil moisture due to lower rainfall Insufficient soil moisture due to lower rainfall Inadequate soil management practices (Inappropriate tractor tillage practices, lack of a suitable crop rotation strategy, insufficient soil fertility inputs, and overgrazing by sheep) Inadequate soil management practices (Inappropriate tractor tillage practices, lack of a suitable crop rotation strategy, insufficient soil fertility inputs, and overgrazing by sheep)

10. Soils will be collected from depths of 0-10 to 10-20 cm from degraded and non-degraded agricultural fields (i.e., Sanborn Field, Bolivian, Ecuadorian, Zambian, and Asian studies)Soils will be collected from depths of 0-10 to 10-20 cm from degraded and non-degraded agricultural fields (i.e., Sanborn Field, Bolivian, Ecuadorian, Zambian, and Asian studies) The soil will be freeze-dried, ground and sieved to a size fraction <2 mm diameter.The soil will be freeze-dried, ground and sieved to a size fraction <2 mm diameter. Climatic information will be obtained.Climatic information will be obtained. All samples will be analyzed by using spectroscopic methods.All samples will be analyzed by using spectroscopic methods. Soil texture, pH, CEC, total organic C, total N, water-soluble total organic C and total N, particulate organic matter C and N, soil test P (Bray 1 P), exch. K, Ca, and Mg will be determined.Soil texture, pH, CEC, total organic C, total N, water-soluble total organic C and total N, particulate organic matter C and N, soil test P (Bray 1 P), exch. K, Ca, and Mg will be determined. METHODOLOGY

11. Labile C Determination Using KMnO 4 (Weil, 2003) Evaluating two methods: FIELD METHODS Portable field spectrometer – 550 nmPortable field spectrometer – 550 nm Field chartField chart

12. Portable Field Near Infrared (NIR) Spectrometer Determination of soil organic C using a portable field NIR spectrometer, Fieldspec Pro FR (Stevens et al., 2006)Determination of soil organic C using a portable field NIR spectrometer, Fieldspec Pro FR (Stevens et al., 2006) It may relate to use of remotely sensed infrared imagery to improve diagnostic capabilities to assess plant and soil health.It may relate to use of remotely sensed infrared imagery to improve diagnostic capabilities to assess plant and soil health. For this study, we will do the NIR analysis of soil samples in the laboratory and not in the field.For this study, we will do the NIR analysis of soil samples in the laboratory and not in the field. FIELD METHODS

13. Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (DRIFT) – Mid Infrared Analysis Can determine changes in ratios of reactive (O- containing) and recalcitrant (C, H and/or N) functional groups due to management practices.Can determine changes in ratios of reactive (O- containing) and recalcitrant (C, H and/or N) functional groups due to management practices. Will test sample preparation methodWill test sample preparation method  Extraction of HA fraction of SOM  Removal of mineral constituents using hydrofluoric acid  Analysis of intact soil LABORATORY METHOD

14. Peak assignment Wave number (cm -1 ) Mineral OH 3690 CH 2 symmetric stretch 2962-2950 CO-OH H bonded2500 C=O stretch 1850 C=O ketonic, COOH 1735-1713 C=O, C=O-H bonded,1650 C=C aromatic 1630-1608 Aromatic ring, amide 1509 CO, COOH, COC, phenol OH 1260-1240 Aliphatic, alcoholic OH 1190-1127 CO aliphatic alcohol 1080-1050 Aliphatic COC, aromatic ether, Si-O 1030 CH aromatic bend 779 COO salt, Mg/Si-O aliphatic560 ( Adapted from Stevenson, 1982 and Baes and Bloom, 1989) ( Adapted from Stevenson, 1982 and Baes and Bloom, 1989) DRIFT INFRARED SPECTRA PEAK ASSIGNMENTS

15. coo H aromatic (Ding et al., 2002) Conservation Tillage Conventional Tillage EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON DRIFT SPECTRA 0 – 5 cm 5 – 10 cm 10 – 15 cm 0 – 5 cm 5 – 10 cm 10 – 15 cm

16. HADepth (cm) Total O/R ratio (1727+1650+1160+1127+1050) (1727+1650+1160+1127+1050) (2950+2924+2850+1530+1509+1457+1420+779 (2950+2924+2850+1530+1509+1457+1420+779 Conservation tillage CnT1 0-5 0.87 a CnT2 5-10 0.69 b CnT3 10-15 0.70 b Conventional tillage CT1 0-5 0.74 ab CT25-100.69 b CT3 10-150.67 b * Means with different letters are significantly different P = 0.05 EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON DRIFT SPECTRA (Ding et al., 2002) The ratio of O/R (reactive/recalcitrant) was highest in conservation tillage (CnT) at 0-5 cm, suggesting relative enrichment of O- associated C over time in CnT plots as compared with conventional tillage(CT).

17. Coordinate soil quality survey with collaborators in the SANREM ProjectsCoordinate soil quality survey with collaborators in the SANREM Projects Distribute and organize field tests with soil quality kits with collaboratorsDistribute and organize field tests with soil quality kits with collaborators Obtain soil samples and site histories from degraded and non-degraded sites in coordination with SANREM and soil metagenomic projectsObtain soil samples and site histories from degraded and non-degraded sites in coordination with SANREM and soil metagenomic projects Develop laboratory methodologies and conduct analyses.Develop laboratory methodologies and conduct analyses. Two graduate students (one Thai and one Bolivian)are being trained.Two graduate students (one Thai and one Bolivian)are being trained. TASKS

18. QUESTIONS?COMMENTS?SUGGESTIONS?