1. New Philosophies for Change

2. Dr. Mary Zournazi Senior Lecturer School of Social Sciences The University of New South Wales

3. Hope, Passion, Politics Ernesto Laclau (1935 – 2014): Argentine political theorist ●Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory ●Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (with Chantal Mouffe) ●Emancipation(s) ●Contingency, Hegemony, Universality (with Judith Butler and Slavoj Žižek) ●On Populist Reason ●The Rhetorical Foundations of Society" Chantal Mouffe (1943-): Belgian political theorist Essex School of discourse analysis (Gramsci, post-structuralism and identity theories) to redefine Left politics in terms of radical democracy. ●Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (with Ernesto Laclau) ●The Return of the Political. ●The Democratic Paradox ●On the Political. Abingdon ●Agonistics: Thinking The World Politically

4. Hope for everyone ViewCurrentFutureImplication Pessimistic Bad can only go worse no better future Optimistic Good cannot be any better no better future

5. Empty Terms The meaning of Empty Terms Vague Variable Unspecified Non-existent Geography Patriotism Governmental policies Ideologies Equality Freedom Justice

6. Hegemony Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) Italian Marxist philosopher Hegemony is the set of social norms by which the ruling class impose their world view and the social, political, and economic status quo as natural, inevitable, and beneficial to every social class, while they are artificial social constructs beneficial solely to the ruling class

7. Hegemony Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe: Hegemony: a political relationship of power wherein a sub-ordinate society perform social tasks that are culturally unnatural and not beneficial to them, but that are in exclusive benefit to the imperial interests of the hegemon, the superior, ordinate power; hegemony is a military, political, and economic relationship that occurs as an articulation within political discourse. Hegemony: Articulating an empty term, such as ‘justice’, to concrete contents which can give a precise reference in a particular context.

8. Hegemonic Struggle ●To universalise a principle beyond the particular contents ●To give those particularities the role of representing a universality transcending it.

9. The task of the Left ➢ To present its own aims as the global emancipatory aims of society as a whole ➢ To provide some more global notions of emancipation ➢ To construct them around a particularised item ➢ Not to use them in terms of an ultimate fulfilment of a post-human society

10. Morality Hegemonic struggle is not a matter of rational and moral argument Racism Not a moral disease Rooted in specific economic and social conditions ‘moral majority’ – the Right has a clear priority.

11. Class struggles ●Fight against racism and sexism, etc. ●Not lose sight of class and the socialist struggles for economic equalities ●Need a critique of the capitalist system ●The Left is in great part responsible: for not giving people hope by thinking another alternative to the (neoliberal) capitalist system. For example: ‘The market economy, yes. But market society, no’

12. Radical Democracy perfectly realised everyone agree No differences Not pluralist Totalitarian Be enthusiastic about political struggle Know there is no final goal Know democracy is a continuous processes (‘democracy to come’) Difficulty: Mobilisation of Passion A pluralist democracy

13. Identity ●The condition for identity: the ‘constitutive outside’ ●The other is the condition of my identity The identity can be constructed in opposition to the other

14. Abuse of hope Right-wing movements Religious fundamentalism