1. 11.15.10

2. 1. According to Rousseau, where does a government get its authority? 2. According to Rousseau, what is an ideal type of government? 3. According to Hobbes, where should a government get its power? 4. What are people like in the State of Nature according to John Locke? 5. What do you think it means to be an “enlightened” ruler?

3.  Share/turn-in final drafts  Tonight’s homework: read pages 322 – 325 (The Seven Year’s War)  Is it possible to be an enlightened absolute ruler?

4.  Enlightenment and Absolutism  Enlightened Absolutism  Monarchs try to keep absolute power while governing by Enlightenment principles  Prussia: Army and Bureaucracy  led by King Frederick William I - bought nobility’s allegiance and created a strict military society  Demanded total loyalty  Made 4 th biggest army in Europe  He beheaded his son’s best friend (wanted to make his son tough), and his son eventually took the throne as Frederick the Great

5.  Educated and cultured  Kept a strong military  Abolished torture (mostly)  Had free speech and press BUT rigid social classes and never freed the serfs.  Was an atheist who disliked his wife and never had kids

6.  The Austrian Empire  Maria Theresa, 1740  Not a big reformer, but did try to improve conditions for the serfs.  Followed by son Joseph II – HUGE reformer  Freed serfs  Religious tolerance  Equality before the law  Eliminated death penalty

7. Maria Theresa – as a child and an adult

8.  Joseph’s reforms all failed – society not ready for such major changes.  When he died, his gravestone said: “Here lies Joseph II who was unfortunate in everything that he undertook.”  Catherine the Great  Russian  Favored nobility, no improvement for peasants

9.  Liked ideas of enlightenment  Had Denis Diderot live with her in Russia, but made no major reforms; she didn’t want to upset the nobility  Treated peasants badly – they eventually revolted and then were treated even worse!  Enlightened Absolutism?  Joseph was the only one who tried major reforms

10.  Enlightened absolutists just wanted to get more and more power.  Especially concerned with expanding territories…  7 years’ War.