1. Manifest Destiny Chapter 9

2. Objectives  Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.  Explain the causes and challenges of westward migration.

3. Migrating to the West  Americans sought economic opportunity  NM, oldest colony along New Spain’s northwestern frontier  9,600 Hispanics live there  1765  El Paso and Santa Fe  Discouragement  1. threat of war with nomadic Native Americans  2. Apaches, nomads of Great Plains

4. Perpetual Warfare  Competition for buffalo  Comanches and Lakotas  Apaches raid Pueblo and Spanish settlements in NM (N.W. NM  Navajos)  Protection of NM  Stronger frontier defenses and more flexible diplomacy with nomads  Gave gifts  made alliances with Comanches

5. No Love for Texas  NM growth and improved security did not extend to TX  Distant  Poor  Subject to raids

6. California  Isolation  Too far to market (export livestock and grains)  Needed royal money to supply/pay soldiers  Lack of guns and horses allow for Christian missions  Father Junípero Serra  Allowed for growth (construction of buildings, irrigation ditches, erected fences, herded cattle, and cultivated grain

7. Looking Westward  1821, revolution  Spanish rule toppled  Mexico made independent republic  Expansionists look towards CA, NM, and TX  Weakness of Mexican government/economy  Mexicans  inferior  America needed land  Manifest Destiny

8. Santa Fe Trail  Independent Mexico and America begin trading  Santa Fe Trail  Opened trade across Great Plains to Santa Fe, NM  American manufactured goods  horses, mules, fur, silver  Mariners from Northeast sailed around South America to CA coast  Tallow and hides  manufactured goods

9. Santa Fe Trail Map

10. Mountain Men  Daring young American trappers who hunted beaver pelts in the Rockies  Jedediah Smith, 1826  Crossed Great Basin and Sierra Nevada to reach CA  Traded with Mexican residents  His trade and migration route became the California Trail, linking the US with the Pacific Coast

11. Oregon Trail  A variant of this trail turned northwest at South Pass to reach Oregon Country  Found Indian mission at Walla Walla