1. Meteorology 5

2. –SURFACE and UPPER CHART comparison – JET STREAM – METAR – TIME ZONES – WINDS, VISIBILITY & WEATHER – OBSCURATION & SKY CONDITION – FD’s, SIGMET, PIREP – GFA or Area Forecast

3. Surface Chart / note fronts & isobars

4. STANDARD PRESSURE SURFACES 850 mb5000 feet asl 70010000 50018000 40024000 30030000 25034000 20040000 15045000 10053000

5. Upper chart/ note no fronts. Also, Isobars are replaced by contour lines STEEP PRESSURE GRADIENT GIVES HIGHER WIND SPEEDS

6. JET STREAM Pg 12-11 Pg 12-13

7. Low Level Nocturnal Jet 40 KNOTS Pg 11-13

8. METAR METAR CYVR 222200Z CCA 18018G35 1SM R24/5000FT/D –SN BLSN BKN010 OVC050 M05/M11 A2992 REFZDZ WS RWY24 RMK SF6SC2 VIS ½ TO W SLP122

9. TIME ZONES DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WOULD BE ONE HOUR LESS SPRING FORWARD AND FALL BACK INVENTED BY A CANADIAN

10. WIND AND GUST GROUP WIND DIRECTION VARIATION is coded into remarks if: –60 O OR MORE AND 3 KNOTS OR MORE OF WIND FOR LAST 2 MINUTES ie. 240V320 –A VARIATION OVER THE LAST 10 MINUTES PRIOR TO THE OBSERVATION WOULD BE REPORTED PROVIDED 60 O AND 3 KNOTS OR MORE

11. Changing Winds GUST - 5K higher than 2 minute average -Highest peak must be at least 15 k SQUALL - 15K higher than 2 minute mean average -I minute mean of at least 20 k -After max must decrease by 5 k SHIFT - 45 O change or more -Change in less than 15 minutes -Average at end of wind shift at least 10 k

12. Wind Gust

13. VISIBILITY

14. FLIGHT VIS vs GROUND VIS FLIGHT often worse vis than GROUND

15. PRESENT WEATHER

18. OBSCURING PHENOMENA

19. VC = 5 statute miles REPORTED REGARDLESS

20. SKY CONDITION

21. REMARKS Pressure tendency usually in remarks.

22. SKY CONDITION –Clear: SKC0/8 –Few: FEWtrace, 1/8 to 2/8 –Scattered: SCT3/8 to 4/8 –Broken: BKN5/8 to 7/8 –Overcast: OVC8/8

23. CEILING –Broken: BKN 5/8 to 7/8 –Overcast: OVC 8/8

24. TORONTO BUTTONVILLE METAR CYKZ 251700Z 03008KT 10SM BKN050 OVC250 M08/M15 A2982 RMK SC6CI2 SLP114 METAR CYKZ 251800Z 35009KT 9SM BKN050 OVC240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC5CI3 SLP095 METAR CYKZ 251900Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC5CI2 SLP095 TAF CYKZ 251630Z 251705 05005KT P6SM SCT025 BKN250 TEMPO 1719 5SM HZ BKN020 BECMG 1921 35012KT FM0300Z 35015G25KT P6SM SCT025 BKN120 TEMPO 0305 BKN025 RMK NXT FCST BY 23Z=

25. Change Terms PROB is only used for 30 or 40% probability.

26. FDs - low level FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000 YAM 0117 3613-19 9900-21 9900-26 2408-35 note the backing winds in the descent over Ottawa YOW 0720 0814-13 1109-12 1614-15 1934-22 YQG 3309 3109-14 2707-16 2313-20 2232-28 YVV 0606 0305-15 9900-17 2016-20 2039-28 YYB 0406 9900-16 2009-17 2020-20 2043-28 YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 1927-25

27. ACTUAL LAPSE RATE METAR CYKZ 251900Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095 FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000 YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 6000-13 650-08 Lapse is roughly 1 o /1,000 ft

28. SIGMET WSCN31 CWTO 250430 SIGMET A1 VALID 250430/250830 LN TSTMS 30NM WIDE MAX TOPS 400 OBSRVD AT 0400Z FROM LONDON-TORONTO-PETERBOROUGH. LN MOVG SWD ABT 20 KTS AND INTSFYG. TSTMS MOVG OUT OF AREA BY 0730Z. Significant Meteorological Report

29. PIREP UA/OV CYHM 1235 FL050/ TP C172/SK 030 OVC 045/ TA -04/WV 240016/TB LGT/ IC LGT/RM FROPA 10 MI W

30. PIREP report Mixed Icing

31. GFA Issued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730Z Covers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlook Country covered with 7 GFA areas Heights are feet above sea level Section 3 of MET in AIP Minimum of 5k to have speed be indicated CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicated Winds less than 20 k usually not shown Amended GFA shows CCA, etc in title box

34. VALID 1800Z