2.  Tribal Life › Nomadic: move from place to place › Trade with other tribes › War with other tribes over hunting grounds  Horse & Buffalo Culture › Horse = mobility › Buffalo = food, clothing, tools, shelter  Family Life › Traditional male & female roles › Believe in spirits › Communal land & lifestyle › Leaders rule by counsel, not force

3.  Who were they? › Immigrants: Irish, German, Polish, Chinese › African Americans (freed slaves) › Civil War Veterans › Cattle barons  Why did they move? › Manifest Destiny/Railroads › Gold › Cheap Land/Escape from Civil War  Believed in land ownership

4.  Massacre at Sand Creek (1864) › U.S. Army Commander order attack on Cheyenne & Arapaho: over 150 killed  Bozeman Trail Violence (1866 - 1868) › Treaty of Fort Laramie: force Sioux onto reservation  Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) › Sioux destroy Colonel Custer & 7 th Cavalry › Sioux eventually defeated & surrender  Assimilation: Native Americans give up culture, live as white settlers

5.  Dawes Act 1887 › Divide reservation land › sell remainder: whites take 2/3 of land › No money given to Native Americans  Buffalo › Fur traders › 1800 = 65 million buffalo › 1890 = 1000 buffalo  Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) › 7 th Cavalry slaughters 300 unarmed Sioux › End of westward expansion

6.  Farmers Problems › Railroads: high shipping & storage prices › Low crop prices › Huge bank loans  Populism › Farmers unite to address common problems › Ideas become platform of Democratic Party  Legacy › Common people can unite & effect change › Many reforms enacted in 20 th Century

7.  Why did people immigrate to the U.S.? › Famine › Land & job shortages › Religious/political persecution › Strike it Rich! › The “American Dream”

8.  Europe › 1870-1920: 20 million › Prior to 1890: western & northern Europe › After 1890: southern & eastern Europe  Asia › 1850-1883: 300,000 Chinese › 1884-1920: 200,000 Japanese  Mexico & West Indies › 1880-1920: 260,000 from West Indies › 1900-1930: 700,000 from Mexico

9.  Voyage › 1-3 weeks on ship in steerage › Disease spreads quickly, death  Arrival › Ellis Island (New York Harbor)  Physical exam  Document inspection & interview  Requirements: not convicted of felony, able to work, at least $25 › Angel Island (San Francisco Harbor)  Life › Language barrier › Finding work/housing › Ethnic Communities = support system (Chinatown, Little Italy)

10.  Nativism › Favoritism of native born Americans › Lead to anti-immigrant groups & restrictions  Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) › Prohibited most Chinese immigration › Not repealed until 1943  Why resistance to immigration? › Religious intolerance › Racism › Job competition (immigrants = cheap labor)