2. © Capital Community College A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb.subjectverb It is different from a phrase in that a phrase does not include a subject and a verb relationship.phrase There are many different kinds of clauses. It would be helpful to review some of the grammar vocabulary we use to talk about clauses.

3. © Capital Community College Clauses: Types Clauses go by many names. Here are some definitions: 1. Independent: A clause that can stand by itself and still make sense. An independent clause could be its own sentence, but is often part of a larger structure, combined with other independent clauses and with dependent clauses. Independent clauses are sometimes called essential or restrictive clauses. 2. Dependent: Clause Ae pote muKt hotu n4I. te hmexa> potana ko[k A4R ma3e ko[k ANy ]pr Aa2airt hoy 0e. A clause that cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else, an independent clause, for its meaning. Ap`e 3 p/kar na> Clause pr ivcar krI xkIAe.

4. © Capital Community College Clauses: Three Main Types Dependent clauses vaKyma> temna rol Anusar 3 p/kar na> hoy 0e. They can be identified and classified according to their role in the sentence. Noun clauses Adjective Clause Adverb Clause Nehru has written a fine book about how India got freedom.

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6. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in the rest of the sentence. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES vaKyma> ko[ p` S4ane Aavta nam ke svRnamna ivxe v2u maihit AapIne tene modify kre e0e.e juAo, Aa vakyoma> ktaR (Subject) ene tena ik/yapd (verb) 4I Adjective Clause dvara Alg paDeel 0e. Aa Adejective Clause Ae tenI Aag5na nam (noun) ivxe v2u maihtI Aape 0e. The mobile phone, which started out as a means for communication, has become a mobile T.V.. The man who thinks only of himself is selfish. The work that interests you most is your hobby. The money which you save is the money you earn.

7. © Capital Community College Relative Pronoun ( s>yojk ) what xu> / je who koe` / ko`e / je / je`e that ke which Kyu> je where Kya> jya> when kyare jyare how kevI rIte / Ae rIte whose kon>u / jen>u whom kone / jene why kem / ma3e

8. © Capital Community College Noun + Relative Pronoun + Adjective Clause The man who lives here The film that we saw The school which is near my house The boy whose father is a policeman The teacher whom I know The boy whose pen this is

9. © Capital Community College s>yojk Ae j Clause no ktaR ke3lI var an adjective clause ne s>yojk pote j ktaR hoy 0e je Clause ne rjU kre 0e. Sometimes an adjective clause has no subject other than the relative pronoun that introduces the clauses. The book which is there on the table is very interesting. The boy who is sitting there is my brother. The mobile phone that is in your hand is mine. Such clauses — all beginning with “which,” “that,” or a form of “who” — are also known as RELATIVE CLAUSES. The relative pronoun serves as the subject of the dependent clause and relates to some word or idea in the independent clause.

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11. Recap on Defining Relative Clauses WHO = people WHICH = animals and things, … “THAT” = can be used instead of ‘WHO’ and ‘WHICH’

12. © Capital Community College THAT Did you know the student (WHO) THAT came to the lesson yesterday? The book (WHICH) THAT I’m reading is very interesting.

13. © Capital Community College Other Relative Pronouns WHOSE = possession WHEN = days, months, years.... WHERE = for places

14. © Capital Community College Adjective Clauses The main relative pronouns are: Who: used for humans in subject position: Sonia, who is a teacher, works in Mehsana. Whom: used for humans in object position: Sarangi, whom Sachin knows well, is an excellent teacher. Which: used for things and animals in subject or object position: Roshni has a dog which follows her everywhere. M.A. Vianey Martín Núñez

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16. Example I liked ‘Spiderman, which I’ve seen recently. (not “that”, no Omission) I’ve found my keys, which I had been looking for. (not “that”, no Omission)

17. © Capital Community College Example 1) My sister, who lives in Pakistan, is a doctor.

18. © Capital Community College Prepositions on ]pr in ma> over na ]pr under nIce behind pa05 for ma3e to ne at na trf About na ivxe with nI sa4e against na ivru@2 after nI pa05 before na phela>

19. © Capital Community College Noun + Preposition + Relative Pronoun + Adjective Clause The boy with whom you study The teacher in whose class you sit The shopkeeper from whom you buy The class in which I study

20. © Capital Community College The chair on which the old man is sitting is made of plastic.

21. © Capital Community College The boy to whom Sunil is beating is his brother.

22. © Capital Community College I like the film ‘Don’ in which Amitabh Bachchan was the don.

23. © Capital Community College The reason for which Anna was on fast is very serious for our country.

24. © Capital Community College The man with whom Gandhiji is walking is Sardar Patel.

25. © Capital Community College The pen with which Shalini is writing was gifted by her dady.

26. © Capital Community College I don’t know the person with whom Mrs. Sharma is talking on he mobile phone.

27. © Capital Community College The gentleman with whom Miss Shalini is shaking hand is the manager of the company.

28. © Capital Community College The picture in which you are watching the spiderman has been taken from Internet.

29. © Capital Community College Sardar Patel was the leader under whose leadership Bardoli Satyagraha became successful.

30. © Capital Community College This is the house in which I live.

31. © Capital Community College The man from whom I bought this bunglow has gone to U.S.A..

32. © Capital Community College 2) Flat screen televisions, which are very expensive, have a better picture quality.

33. © Capital Community College 4) The teachers at this school who arrive late for class will be dismissed. 5)The students, who had tickets, went into the museum

34. © Capital Community College The book ____ I bought yesterday cost over £10 pounds The house ____ I live in now is smaller than the old one.

35. © Capital Community College Summary Defining Relative No commas Omit the relative pronoun except when SUBJECT Non-Defining Relative  Between commas  No omission Relative Pronouns WHO: refers to people WHICH: refers to things WHOSE: for possession WHEN: for time WHERE : for places.

36. © Capital Community College Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Understanding CLAUSES and how they are connected within the larger structure of your sentence will help you avoid Sentence FragmentsRun-on Sentences and make it possible for you to punctuate your sentences properly and write confidently with a variety of sentence structures.variety of sentence structures

37. © Capital Community College ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in the rest of the sentence. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES vaKyma> ko[ p` S4ane Aavta nam ke svRnamna ivxe v2u maihit AapIne tene modify kre e0e.e The Internet, which started out as a means for military and academic types to share documents, has become a household necessity. Tim Berners-Lee, who developed the World Wide Web, could never have foreseen the popularity of his invention. The graphical user interface (GUI) that we all take for granted nowadays is actually a late development in the World Wide Web. Notice, now, how the subject is often separated from its verb by information represented by the dependent clause. The Internet, which started out as a means for military and academic types to share documents, has become a household necessity.

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40. WHOSE That’s the woman whose son ran over my cat

41. © Capital Community College WHEN, WHERE Tell me when you expect to arrive The hotel where we stayed was excellent

42. © Capital Community College WHICH Refers to the whole of the sentence before Can be used to make a comment about the whole situation described in a main clause The teacher arrived on time, which amazed everybody They had everything ready for us, which was nice

43. © Capital Community College I read the letter Which letter? We need more detail. The one that arrived this morning. Example http://www.englishcorner. vacau.com/grammar/intera ctive/rcos3.html http://www.englishcorner. vacau.com/grammar/intera ctive/rcos3.html