1. ECE 526 – Network Processing Systems Design Computer Architecture: traditional network processing systems implementation Chapter 4: D. E. Comer

2. Ning WengECE 5262 Goals Examine architecture of conventional computer system Discuss operation of network interface

3. Ning WengECE 5263 Outline Computer System Architecture Bus Interconnect ─ 3 different bus lines ─ Bandwidth, size of address space and basic operation Network Interface Card (NIC) ─ Functionality The procedure to receive/send a packet ─ Problems of traditional NIC ─ 4 optimization techniques Lab 1 announcement

4. Ning WengECE 5264 Computer Systems Architecture Our focus today: Bus and Network Interface Card (NIC)

5. Ning WengECE 5265 Computer Systems Functionality Computation ─ Arithmetic and logic operation, protocol processing and etc ─ CPU Storage ─ Keep short-time or long-time data ─ register, cache, memory, disk, tape and etc Communication ─ Medium or device for communication and/or networking ─ Bus, Network Interface Card

6. Ning WengECE 5266 Bus Interconnect Bus: parallel set wires used for communication ─ Address, control and data Bus bandwidth ─ Bus BW = data line width * bus frequency ─ Example: PCI bus on PC: 64 bit with 66 Mhz ─ Wider bus transfer more data per unit time at more cost and space ─ Compromise: multiplex Design Principle: trade time (performance) for space (cost). Can we use more bits for data line and less for address line?

7. Ning WengECE 5267 Bus Address Space Bus is shared medium Addresses “coding” device information ─ Each device gets a unique set of addresses ─ Addresses space depends on application ─ Not entire address space needs to be allocated Bus address space determined by width of address line

8. Ning WengECE 5268 Bus Operation: fetch and store Fundamental paradigm ─ Used in computer systems ─ “Coded” by control lines Fetch: load data from device to bus ─ Place addresses of a device on address lines ─ Issue fetch on control lines ─ Wait for device that owns the address to respond ─ If successful, extract value from data lines Store: put data from bus to device ─ Place addresses of a device on address lines ─ Place value on data lines ─ Issue store on control lines ─ Wait for device that owns the address to respond ─ If unsuccessful, report error

9. Ning WengECE 5269 Bus: summary Shared, parallel communication medium ─ Data lines: determining the bus bandwidth ─ Address lines: determining the address space ─ Control lines: encoding fetch, store operations Real busses are more complicated ─ Bus arbiter implements accesses rules, e.g., priorities ─ Some busses allow split-transactions ─ Some busses transfer data on each edge of the clock cycle ─ Etc Other share communication medium ─ Crossbar ─ Shared memory

10. Ning WengECE 52610 Network Interface Card I/O device ─ Transferring packet between network and memory ─ Controlled by CPU Send packet to network ─ CPU assembling a packet in memory ─ CPU transferring the packet to NIC ─ NIC Transmitting the packet to network Receive packet from network ─ CPU informed NIC the storage location for coming packet ─ NIC waiting for packet from network ─ NIC placing packet into specified location ─ NIC informing CPU

11. Ning WengECE 52611 Several Facts & Inefficiencies Ethernet shared medium => NIC receiving a lot of packets that intended for other stations NIC wasting CPU for wrong interruption and forwarding wrong packet Network traffic burst => Packet loss if NIC can’t forward packets Packet size bigger than the bus width => Multiple transfer required for one packet Multiple CPU interrupt Bus interconnect shared medium => NIC waiting for transfer turn to access memory How to improve it?

12. Ning WengECE 52612 NIC Optimization Solution: ─ Avoid using CPU whenever possible ─ Improve NIC own processing, storage and communication ability Four optimization techniques ─ Onboard address recognition and filtering ─ Onboard packet buffering ─ Direct memory accesses (DMA) ─ Data chaining and operation chaining

13. Ning WengECE 52613 Onboard Address Recognition & Filtering Recognition of unicast and broadcast addresses ─ NIC check each frame destination MAC address with its own True: forwarding to CPU over bus No: discard without interrupt CPU and BUS Multicast addresses more complex ─ Multicast address is dynamic process ─ Might be a lot of multicast addresses associated one station Hash False positive Shift “processing” duty from CPU to NIC

14. Ning WengECE 52614 Onboard Packet Buffering NIC has its own memory to buffer packet due to ─ burst traffic ─ contention on bus interconnect NIC can receive packets while transferring others to CPU How to decide the right size of buffer memory? Shift “storage” from main memory to NIC buffer

15. Ning WengECE 52615 Direct Memory Access PIO (programmed IO): requesting CPU to handle each transfer cross bus DMA ─ For large data transfer from/to disk ─ Transferring of larger amounts of data directly to/from memory ─ CPU tells NIC the location of buffer in memory ─ CPU overhead per packet not per transfer Shift “communication” duty from shared bus to own virtual bus by using DMA

16. Ning WengECE 52616 Operation Chaining CPU sets up linked list of buffers ─ NIC fills buffer as data comes in: “Command” in each buffer specifies receive or transmit Extra bit indicates if NIC has completed transfer Question: how is the packet buffer allocated?

17. Ning WengECE 52617 Data Chaining Data chaining used also in operating system Unix BSD packet mbufs:

18. Ning WengECE 52618 NIC: Summary Traditional operation ─ transferring packet from/to network link to/from memory over shared bus, controlled by CPU for each transfer Several Facts & Inefficiencies Optimization techniques ─ On-board filtering ─ On-board buffering ─ DMA ─ Operation and data chaining

19. Ning WengECE 52619 For Next Class Read Comer Chapter 5