1. 1 BTS330 Lecture: Businesses and Business Processes

2. 2 Today What is Business Business Areas Organizational Roles Identifying Business Processes

3. 3 What is Business? archaic : purposeful activity : BUSYNESSBUSYNESS usually commercial or mercantile activity engaged in as a means of livelihood : TRADETRADE BUSINESS may be an inclusive term but specifically designates the activities of those engaged in the purchase or sale of commodities or in related financial transactions. COMMERCE and TRADE imply the exchange and transportation of commodities. INDUSTRY applies to the producing of commodities, especially by manufacturing or processing, usually on a large scale* BUSINESS COMMERCE TRADE INDUSTRY *Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

4. 4 Types of Businesses – Retail – Financial – Insurance – Manufacturing – etc

5. 5 Business Areas – The organizational areas needed to support a business. – These can to equate to departments.

6. 6 Organizational Roles to Support the Business: – An organizational structure made up of executives, middle management, supervisory management and operational staff.

7. 7 Management – Executives (Top Management) Those that make strategic and day to day decisions – Middle Management Those that make tactical and day to day decisions – Lower Management – Supervisory personnel who make day to day decisions

8. 8 Operational Staff – The individuals involved in the day to day processing of transactions I.e. Bank Tellers; Mutual Fund Sales People; Sales Associate

9. 9 Types of systems? Office Systems – Productivity tools available to employees on a desk top. – Electronic Mail, Word Processing, Database Management, Spreadsheets, Desktop Publishing, Presentation Graphics and so on.

10. 10 Types of systems? Operational (Transaction Processing) Systems – Take care of the day-to-day processing of the business – Information about the transactions that affect the organization are captured and recorded

11. 11 Types of systems? Management Information Systems – Uses operational systems’ information to give management the information needed to make management decisions

12. 12 Types of systems? Executive Information Systems – Provide information to executives on how their company is doing relative to the industry

13. 13 Types of systems? Decision Support Systems – Systems that allow a user to explore the impact of available options or decisions – ‘What if’ analysis

14. 14 Types of systems? Expert Systems – Simulate human reasoning and decision-making. – Artificial Intelligence.

15. 15 Systems that Solve Business Problems Information systems – Collection of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to complete business processes

16. 16 Information Systems IS Planning Level Type of planningTypical IS applicationsOrganizational Unit Responsible for Developing StrategicStrategies in support of organizational long-term objectives Market and sales analysis, Product planning, Performance evaluation Senior Management/ Executives TacticalPolicies in support of short-term goals and resource allocation Budget analysis, Salary forecasting, Inventory scheduling, Customer service Middle Management OperationalDay-to-day staff activities and production support Payroll, Invoicing, Purchasing, Accounting Lower Management; Operational

17. 17 Flow of Information – Horizontally - information flows across departments – Vertically - information needs of clerical staff, middle management, and senior executives

18. 18 Business Processes – A Business Process could be an event that the business needs to respond to or it could be an event where the business needs to generate some kind of response back – Can include manual as well as automated processes

19. 19 Business Process “ A commercial event is usually triggered by an event (for example receipt of an application form) and has at least one visible domain- specific result (e.g., a contract)”* * Developing Software with UML by Bernard Oestereich, p. 68.

20. 20 Domain “An area of knowledge or activity characterized by a set of concepts and terminology understood by practitioners in that area.”* * Use Case Modeling by Kurt Bittner and Ian Spence, p. 332.

21. 21 Business Process “ The activities of a business process are usually chronologically and logically related to each other.”* * Developing Software with UML by Bernard Oestereich, p. 68.

22. 22 What is a Business Use Case? “A business use case describes how a business actor uses a business to achieve a goal and what the business does for the business actor to achieve that goal.”* * Use Case Modeling, by Bittner & Spence, p. 331.

23. 23 What is a Business Use Case? “It tells the story of how the business and its actors collaborate to deliver something of value for at least one of the actors.”* * Use Case Modeling, by Bittner & Spence, p. 331.

24. 24 What is a Business Use Case? “… is independent of the concrete possibilities and requirements for its (IT-related) implementation.”* * Developing Software with UML: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design in Practice, Bernard Oestereich, p. 72.

25. 25 Business Use Cases How to identify a Business Use Case? – Look for processes the company uses to satisfy the requests of the business actors Processes could be an event that the business needs to respond to or it could be an event where the business needs to generate some kind of response back Can include manual as well as automated processes

26. 26 Business Use Cases Where does a Use case start? – “At the start there is always a commercial trigger, a commercial event Customer would like to conclude a contract Customer would like to rent a vehicle Marketing department would like a statistical evaluation of reservations”* * Developing Software with UML, Object-oriented Analysis and Design in Practice,Bernard Oestereich, p. 74.

27. 27 Business Use Cases Where does a Use case end? – “At the end a result has been produced that has “commercial value” A vehicle registration A letter to the customer A business management evaluation”* * Developing Software with UML, Object-oriented Analysis and Design in Practice, Bernard Oestereich, p. 74.

28. 28 Today Identifying Business Use Cases Identifying Business Actors

29. 29 Business Use Cases How to identify the Actors? – Look for who is placing requirements on the system. – Anybody who is directly or indirectly involved affected by the system. Directly: someone who will have direct contact with the system Indirectly: someone who does not have direct contact with the system but who is involved in the business that is supported by the system

30. 30 Business Use Cases Example of Actors: – Users of the system – Other departments (Marketing, Sales) – Clients or Management – Customers – System Administrators, Service Personnel, Training Personnel, Support Personnel – System Developers, System Maintenance Personnel – Buyers of the system