1. How to investigate the Mind? n Ask your subjects (Introspectionism) n First-Person Privileged Access

2. Introspection is not just casual thinking about one’s inner experiences. Edward Titchener (1867-1927) Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) First psychology lab, Leipzig

3. Assets of Introspectionism n It deals with the subjective feeling of mental life (qualia) n Even today, some research depends on subject’s introspective report (do you see the light?) n It provides hints for future research –articulatory loop in working memory

4. Problems of Introspectionism : Instrospectionism lacks verification (public scrutiny) Relies on conscious report: Many interesting mental events are unconscious (e.g. memory retrieval, or visual processes that lead to perceptual illusions). Provides access to products of thinking, rather than the processes that underlie it (example). Verbal report distorts and impoverishes the experience

7. How to investigate the mind n Ask your subjects (Introspectionism) Look at S-R patterns (Behaviorism) - Restricts psychology to truly objective, observable data - Reaction against Instrospectionism

8. 19001950 2000 Introspectionism Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology

9. Behaviorism Stimulus Response Study stimulus-response relations, but do NOT attempt to understand unobservable mental processes

10. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

11. Classical Conditioning n Neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that already produces a response 1.sight of food  salivation 3. bell and food seen together 4. bell  salivation

12. Behaviorism n Psychology is the “science of behavior.” n Emphasis on what can be directly observed. –Stimuli  Responses –Reinforcements / Rewards n Ignore the mind (unobservable). n Goal: predict behavior

13. Assets of Behaviorism n rigorous scientific observation n controlled laboratory settings. n Applicable to certain areas (e.g., learning: pairing of stimuli and responses)

14. Problems with Behaviorism n Limiting science to observable things is a bad idea. Theories are about unobservable n Can’t account for much of human behavior. –Language; Attention

15. X this ability cannot be explained only by links between stimuli and responses. A better explanation is to pose the existence of an internal spatial map later they can deduce the shorter path. Rats learn to follow this path … X

16. Cognitive Maps in Bees, von Frisch 1967 n behavior of bees returning to hive after locating nectar n Can use a symbolic form of communication n Different patterns of dances represent different meanings n Round dance: source less than 100 yards from hive n Figure 8 dance: greater distances

17. Behaviorism Stimulus Response Study stimulus-response relations, but do NOT attempt to understand unobservable mental processes Cognitive Psychology Stimulus Response Study stimulus-response relations to infer the underlying mental processes. The contents of the mind CAN be studied scientifically

18. How to investigate the mind n Ask your subjects (Introspectionism) n Look at S-R patterns (Behaviorism) n Infer mental processes (Cognitive Psychology) –from S-R patterns (Reaction Time, Accuracy) –from neural patterns (cognitive neuroscience)