1. Revolution and Intervention

2. Trends in Latin America Roots of problems in Latin America come from colonialism After WWII, Turning to industrialization instead of economy was based on cash crops/raw materials Import-substitution led industrialization - economic policy of replacing certain imported goods with a country’s own manufactured goods Still relied on foreign countries for investments, technology, loans, military aid

3. Economic Trends Rural land issues Small group of elites owned land in Latin America (many tied to US business) Peasants had no land

4. Social Trends Large gap between rich and poor Liberation Theology - belief that the church should be active in the struggle for economic/ social equality Couldn’t make money in rural, moved to cities= rapid urbanization Shortages of food, housing, safe drinking water

5. The Cuban Revolution Social inequality and U.S. influence led to revolt that brought communism Cuba depended on U.S. 1950s modern hotels/casinos owned by Americans and Cuban elite U.S. owned plantations Cuba one of richest countries in Latin America but VERY LITTLE to Cubans

6. Reasons for the Revolt Business interest encouraged U.S. govt support corrupt dictators in Cuba Fulgencio Batista “a rich country with too many poor people” 1953 Fidel Castro led unsuccessful attack on Cuban army barracks (arrested) 2 years later, Castro guerrilla war became full-scale revolution Batista fled 1959, Castro left in control

7. Goals of the Revolution Support to get rid of Batista but didn’t know what Castro would do Marxist regime Castro wanted to end U.S. dominance, redistribution of wealth, reforming society

8. Goals of the Revolution 1961 ended illiteracy within 1 year Created system of free, nationwide medical care Limited the size of landholdings and nationalized all private property (reduce economic inequality) Castro took full control of government, took away freedom of press Cuba more towards communism

9. U.S. Involvement Communism during Cold War worried U.S. Latin American apart of sphere of influence Organization of American States (OAS)- organization that promotes economic and military cooperation 1961 Bay of Pigs- mission spark nationwide uprising against Castro-failed 1962 CIA learned Soviet Union building nuclear weapons in Cuba- Kennedy ordered naval blockade  Cuban Missile Crisis http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=y3fDkx7JZW0

11. Results of the Revolution Mixed results Cubans good access to health care and education Civil liberties were restricted under one-party system Economic policies made many leave Cuba Castro relied on Soviet Union, 1991 Soviet collapsed so did Cuba

12. Guatemala 1952 President Jacobo Arbenz used land reform to take over large landholdings & distribute land to peasants Hurt the United Fruit Company U.S. felt Guatemala president be removed 1954 CIA intervened replaced him with military dictator 1970-1990s guerillas and govt raged between war, 1996 peace accord

13. El Salvador Military dictatorship kept power through unfair elections 1980 gunned down Archbishop Oscar Romero- govt critic who supported Liberation Theology War between communist-supported guerrilla groups and army “death squads” countryside killing civilians

14. Nicaragua Ruled by the Somoza family (controlled ¼ countries land) Sandinistas- revolutionary group took control of capital Junta- group of leaders who rule jointly