1. Chapter 31 1.Gerunds 2.Gerundives 3.The Passive Periphrastic

2. 1. Gerunds If participles are verbal adjectives, gerunds are verbal nouns. We have gerunds in English, just like we do participles. In English, gerunds end in –ing so that at a glance one may confuse them with participles. Lucky for you that Latin has a distinct form for the gerund…

3. 1. Gerunds  Rules for gerunds  Always neuter  Always singular  Will only be seen in four cases  Genitive  Dative (rarely used)  Accusative  Ablative  No nominative form = can never be the subject of a sentence  Accusative never used as direct object, only as object of prepositions

4. 1. Gerunds Laudō, -āreDūco, -ereSequor, -īAudiō, -īre GenitiveLaudandīDūcendīSequendīAudiendī DativeLaudandōDūcendōSequendōAudiendō AccusativeLaudandumDūcendumSequendumAudiendum AblativeLaudandōDūcendōSequendōAudiendō Present stem + -nd- + 2 nd decl. neuter sing. endings = gerund 3 rd -io and 4 th conjugation verbs use -ie- as part of the stem

5. 1. Gerunds  As a genitive  With a noun  Studium vīvendī cum amīcīs habet  She has a fondness of (for) living with friends.  With and adjective  Cupidus dīscendī  Desirous of learning  With causā or gratiā to show purpose  Pugnandī causā  For the sake of fighting; in order to fight  As a dative  Generally with adjectives of suitability  Nāvis apta nāvigandō  A ship fit for sailing  As an accusative  With ad to show purpose  Ad discendum vēnērunt.  They came to learn.

6. 1. Gerunds  As an ablative  Of means  Fāma vīrēs acquīrit eundō  With prepositions (ā/ab, dē, ex, in)  Multum tempus cōnsūmpsit in currendō.  He/She spent much time in running.  Dē bene vīvendō dīxerunt  The spoke about living well.  Never as a nominative or a direct object  We use subjective infinitives and objective infinitives for those uses.

7. 2. Gerundives A gerundive looks like an gerund, but it is, in fact, a verbal adjective. It is another participle; it is also known as the future passive participle. Because it is a participle, it must agree with some noun. It may appear in any case, unlike a gerund. So it has the following forms…

8. 2. Gerundives Laudō, -āreLaudandus, -a, -um Dūco, -ereDūcendus, -a, -um Sequor, -īSequendus, -a, -um Audiō, -īreAudiendus, -a, -um Present stem + -nd- + 1 st /2 nd decl. m/f/n adjective endings = gerundive 3 rd -io and 4 th conjugation verbs use -ie- as part of the stem Keeping gerunds and gerundives separate in your mind: Remember gerund ives are adject ives.

9. 2. Gerundives  Using gerundives  Often used to show necessity (more on this later)  Crīmina nōn ferenda  Vir laudandus  Often used when a gerund would have taken a direct object; it agrees with the word that would have been a direct object  Librīs legendīs discimus – We learn by reading books  Librōrum legendōrum causā ōtium petit – She/He seeks leisure for the purpose of reading books  Rōmam vēnit ad aedificia vetera videnda – He/She came to Rome to see the old buildings.  See the book on possible gerund + direct object constructions, but realize that this is not the construction preferred by most Roman authors

10. 3. Passive Periphrastic The passive periphrastic is the most common use of the gerundive. It is used to show necessity. Gerundive + sum, esse = passive periphrastic The gerundive will agree with the subject of the sentence, the object to which some action must be done. If the sentences mentions the person who must do the action, that person is indicated by a dative of agent.

11. 3. Passive Periphrastic Most famous passive periphrastic: Carthago delenda est It never actually appears in this form in Latin. In Pliny it appears as … cum clāmāret omnī senatū Carthāginem dēlendam (esse)… And in the late writer Florus it appears as Cato inexpiābilī odiō dēlendam esse Carthāginem, et cum dē aliō consulerētur, prōnuntiābat.