1. The Cardiovascular System CHAPTER 8

2. Where is the heart located? Centrally in the chest –Surrounded by lungs, protected by ribs –Between 3 rd -7 th ribs in ________ animals and 2 nd -6 th ribs in _________ animals –Lies in the _____________ (interpleural space), which is the space between the pleural covering of the right and left lungs. Trachea, esophagus, and other vascular structures are also found here

3. Orientation of the heart Bottom of the heart is shifted to the left of the chest ________ - the bottom of the heart where the left ventricle comes to a point ________ - the top of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit

4. Composition of the Heart Wall Outer layer of the heart is called the _________________. -The pericardium consists of an outer fibrous pericardium and an inner serous pericardium. FIBROUS pericardium –loosely attaches to the diaphragm.

5. The SEROUS pericardium consists of two layers: *The __________ pericardial layer is adhered to the fibrous pericardium. *The __________ pericardial layer lies on the surface of the heart and is also known as the epicardium.

6. Between the two layers of the serous pericardium is the pericardial space. This is a fluid filled cavity that ________________ the two layers which allows the heart to smoothly expand and contract.

7. Beneath the epicardium is the ______cardium, the thickest layer of the heart tissue. The inner surface of the heart that lines its chambers is the ______cardium.

8. External anatomy of the heart: Chambers Auricles- (left and right) ear-shaped chambers located at the base. They are identified by knowing which ventricle they lie above. ________ ventricle - long and narrow, thick-walled, makes up the apex of heart ________ ventricle - broader surface area, thinner walls The borders of the ventricles contain interventricular sulci, which are grooves of fat and blood vessels that are part of ____________ circulation of heart.

9. Vessels and chambers that contain DEOXYGENATED blood The _______ _________ (cranial and caudal) empty deoxygenated blood into the RIGHT ATRIUM The Pulmonary _________ (left and right) emerge from the RIGHT VENTRICLE as the pulmonary trunk –Quickly divides into right and left pulmonary arteries traveling to each lung

10. Vessels and chambers that contain OXYGENATED blood The Pulmonary _________ (left and right) return oxygenated blood to the LEFT ATRIUM The _________ is the largest artery in the body –The walls of the aorta are the thickest of any blood vessel –The aorta emerges from the LEFT VENTRICLE and delivers oxygenated blood to the body.

11. Internal Structures of the Heart Atrioventricular Valves: -Right Atrioventricular Valve (aka Right AV valve/Tricuspid Valve) separates the right atrium from the right ventricle -has ___ flaps/leaflets -Left Atrioventricular Valve (aka Left AV Valve/Mitral Valve/Bicuspid Valve) separates the left atrium from the left ventricle -has ___ flaps/leaflets These valves open and close simultaneously! The AV valves are attached to _________ __________, which prevent the flaps from bending back into the atria. _____________ muscles connect the chordae tendinae to the interventricular septum

13. The _____________ band is a band of tissue present in the right ventricle. -not attached to flaps of tricuspid valve -provides additional structural support to the wall of the right ventricle

14. Semilunar valves: -Aortic valve -Pulmonary/pulmonic valve Both valves are made of ____ leaflets. The aortic valve leads to the aorta and the pulmonary/pulmonic valve leads to the pulmonary trunk. These valves open and close simultaneously!

15. Can you label the chambers and valves?