1. Dependency Theory

2. Development theory - Dependency theory
Contrary to modernization theory, dependency theory states that not all societies progress through similar Dual-sector model|stages of development

3. Development theory - Dependency theory
Dependency theory states that poor nations provide natural resources and cheap Wage labour|labor for developed nations, without which the developed nations could not have the standard of living which they enjoy

4. Development theory - Dependency theory
In addition to its structuralist roots, dependency theory has much overlap with Neo-Marxism and World Systems Theory, which is also reflected in the work of Immanuel Wallerstein, a famous dependency theorist

5. World-systems theory - Dependency theory
Second, core states do not exploit poor states—as dependency theory proposes—because capitalism is organized around an inter-regional and transnational division of labor rather than an international division of labor

6. World-systems theory - Dependency theory
From a largely Weberian perspective, Fernando Henrique Cardoso described the main tenets of dependency theory as follows:

7. Marxist international relations theory - Dependency theory
Linked in with Marxist theories is dependency theory which argues that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, penetrate developing states through political advisors, missionaries, experts and multi-national corporations (MNCs) to integrate them into the capitalist system in order to appropriate natural resources and foster dependence by developing countries on developed countries.

8. Dependency theory
'Dependency theory' is the notion that resources flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system.

9. Dependency theory
Dependency theory rejected this view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but have unique features and structuralism|structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the weaker members in a world market economy.Newschool, [ Economic Development], retrieved July 2009.

10. Dependency theory - History
Matias Vernengo, a University of Utah economist, identifies two main streams in dependency theory: the Latin American Structuralist, typified by the work of Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Anibal Pinto at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean|United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC, or, in Spanish, CEPAL); and the American Marxist, developed by Paul A

11. Dependency theory - History
Former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (in office ) wrote extensively on dependency theory while in political exile during the 1960s, arguing that it was an approach to studying the economic disparities between the centre and periphery

12. Dependency theory - History
With the economic growth of India and some East Asian economies, dependency theory has lost some of its former influence. It still influences some NGO campaigns, such as Make Poverty History and the fair trade movement.

13. Dependency theory - Other dependency theorists
Two other early writers relevant to dependency theory were François Perroux and Kurt Rothschild

14. Dependency theory - Other dependency theorists
Sociologist Fernando Henrique Cardoso (later President of Brazil) summarized his version of dependency theory as follows:

15. Neocolonialism - Dependency theory
Proponents of Dependency Theory, such as Venezuelan historian Federico Brito Figueroa, who has investigated the socio-economic bases of neo-colonial dependency, have influenced the thinking of the former President of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez.

16. Anthropology of development - Dependency theory
Dependency theory rejected Rostow's view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but have unique features and structuralism|structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the weaker members in a world market economy and hence unable to change the system

17. Anthropology of development - Dependency theory
Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory was the version of Dependency theory that most North American anthropologists engaged with. His theories are similar to Dependency theory, although he placed more emphasis on the system as system, and focused on the developments of the core rather than periphery. Wallerstein also provided an historical account of the development of capitalism which had been missing from Dependency theory.

18. Political economy in anthropology - World-systems theory Dependency theory
Both versions of Dependency Theory were critiqued throughout the 1970s for the static historical accounts they provided. Their influence was slowly replaced by more dynamic and historically sensitive versions, such as Eric Wolf's Europe and the People Without History.

19. Capital mobility - Dependency theory
Free trade has been accused of being a disguised form of colonialism or imperialism, particularly by proponents of economic nationalism and the school of mercantilism. In the 19th century these largely took the form of attacks on British calls for free trade, seeing these as expansion of the British Empire. Since the 1950s these attacks fall under the rubric of dependency theory.

20. Raúl Prebisch - Dependency theory
During the 1960s, economists at United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean|ECLA developed an extension of Prebisch's thoughts on structuralism into dependency theory, in which economic development of the periphery is seen as a nearly impossible task. While dependency theory was the polar opposite of Prebisch and the ECLAC's original purpose, he continued to criticize the Economic growth|neo-classical economic forces that he felt were victimizing the global poor.

21. Uses and gratifications theory - Media system dependency theory
However, media dependency theory focuses on audiences' goals for media consumption as the source of their dependency; while uses and gratification theory focuses on audience's needs as drivers for media consumption

22. Media systems dependency theory
'Media system dependency theory' ('MSD'), or simply 'media dependency', was developed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin Defleur in 1976

23. Media systems dependency theory - Two basic conditions for heightened media needs
Media dependency theory states two specific conditions under which people's media needs, and consequently people's dependency on media and the potential for media effects, are heightened.

24. Media systems dependency theory - Criticisms
Baran and Davis identify four primary criticisms of dependency theory:

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