1. Lecture #9 Date______
Chapter 21~ The Genetic Basis of Development

2. From fertilized egg to multicellular organism
Cell Division: increase in cell number
Differentiation: cells becoming specialized in structure and function
Morphogenesis; physical processes giving an organism shape

3. Morphogenesis: plants vs. animals
movements of cells and tissues are necessary for 3-D form of the organism
ongoing development in adults restricted to differentiation of cells continually replenished throughout lifetime
Plants:
morphogenesis and growth of overall size occur throughout lifetime of plant; apical meristems (perpetually embryonic regions), responsible for plant’s continual growth

4. Embryonic development

5. Differential gene expression
Differences between cells come from differences in gene expression (genes turned on or off), not from differing genomes.
Evidence:
1- Genomic equivalence: all the cells of an organism have the same genes
2- Totipotency: cells that can retain the zygote’s potential to form all parts of the mature organism (plant cells; cloning)
3- Determination: restriction of developmental potential causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops; noted by the appearance of mRNA

6. Determination--->Differentiation
Determination: as the embryo develops the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited
Differentiation: specialization of cells dependent on the control of gene expression
Induction: the ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another; cytoplasmic determinants that regulate gene expression
Homeotic genes: genes that control the overall body plan of animals by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells

7. Genetic cell death Apoptosis programmed cell death (“suicide genes”)
1. Programmed cell death is as needed for proper development as mitosis is.
Ex: Reabsorption of the tadpole tail; formation of the fingers and toes of the fetus requires the removal of the tissue between them; sloughing off of the endometrium at the start of menstruation; formation of the proper connections (synapses) between neurons in the brain requires that surplus cells be eliminated.

8. Apoptosis, Pt. II
2. Programmed cell death is needed to destroy cells that represent a threat to the integrity of the organism.
Ex: Cells infected with viruses; waning cells of the immune system; cells with DNA damage; cancer cells

9. Concept Check Question #1:
Why can’t a single embryonic stem cell develop into an embryo?
Cytoplasmic determinants:
Substances supplied by the mother that influence the course of early development

10. Cytoplasmic Determinants:
Substances supplied by the mother that influence the course of early development
Egg cytoplasm contains RNA and proteins encoded by the mothers DNA
Heterogeneous unfertilized egg
Helps determine developmental fate by regulating expression of the cell’s genes

11. Determination:
as the embryo develops the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited

12. Concept Check Question #2:
If you clone a carrot, will all the progeny plants look identical?
No, due to environmental differences
Environment also plays a role in the developmental fate

13. Totipotency in plants:
Mature cells in plants can dedifferentiate and give rise to all the specialized cell types of the mature organism
Changes in DNA are not irreversible
Any plant cell has this ability

14. Pluripotency of Animal Cells:
Adult stem cells are able to give rise to multiple cell types but not all
Stem cell: relatively unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and under appropriate conditions differentiate into specialized cells on one or more types.

15. Therapeutic Cloning: Using embryonic stem cells to treat disease
Harvested from the human blastocyst
Reproduce indefinitely into various specialized cells including sperm and egg cells

16. Concept Check Question #3:
The signal molecules released by an embryonic cell can induce changes in a neighboring cell without entering the cell. How?
Signal transduction pathway
Binding to a surface receptor and triggering a transduction pathway

17. Induction: signal molecules causing changes in target cells
Signals from surrounding embryonic cells can imping on a cell.

18. Signal molecules:
Signal molecules are proteins produced by the growing embryo
These molecules send a cell down a specific developmental pathway by causing change in its gene expression that results in observable cellular changes.