1. Cost Effectiveness: What Changes Will Lead to the Best Return on Investment Ron Haskins August 10, 2012

2. 2 Federal Spending on Programs for Poor and Low- Income People, 1962-2011 (Constant $2011)

3. 3 How to Increase Impact of Social Programs in a Tight Fiscal Environment 1. Control spending in specific programs 2. Identify ineffective programs and transfer funds to successful programs 3. Give state and local governments more flexibility in using federal funds

4. 4 Productive Investments in Children Preschool education Home visiting Teen pregnancy prevention Career Academies K-12 education, especially KIPP schools Second chance programs for teens Community and family-based programs for delinquents Community college interventions Small Schools of Choice

5. 5 Increase State and Local Flexibility: Two Examples

6. 6 Federal Expenditures on Child Protection Programs, 1995-2012 Source: 2008 Ways and Means Green Book; 2012 data from a study by Child Trends, the Annie E. Casey Foundation, and Casey Family Programs.

7. 7 Federal and State Spending on Early Childhood Programs, 2011 ProgramSpending (Billions) Head Start$7.2 Child Care Subsidies$6.5 Early Head Start$1.7 Childcare Food Program$1.5 Dept. of Defense Child Care$0.8 Disability Programs$1.0 Home Visiting$0.2 Child Care Tax Credit$2.2 State Pre-K$5.7 State Spending on Child Care$2.0 Total$28.8 Source: Haskins and Barnett, 2010.