2. During the Middle Ages the Church was the most powerful institution in Europe, but it was flawed. Priests married and had children even though they were supposed to be celibate Simony was practiced, which means that church positions were sold by bishops The Crusades, Reconquista, Spanish Inquisition

3. Between 1000 and 1300 agriculture, trade, and finance made remarkable gains. The food supply increased ● Warmer climate ● Use of harness on horses which made plowing easier ● Use of three-field system which allowed farmers to use 2/3 of their land at any given time Cities and towns grew ● As trade increased people went to towns to buy and sell products Guilds were formed ● Associations of people in the same occupation ● Guilds controlled prices and products ● Only masters could join guilds; to become a master one had to be an apprentice and then a journeyman Trade and Towns

4. People moved to cities and towns to pursue greater economic opportunities Serfs ran away from manors ● This happened so often that a law was passed which allowed them to be free if they lived in a town for a year and a day Towns developed quickly and haphazardly ● Narrow streets ● Animals and waste all over the place ● Small homes made of wood—MAJOR fire hazard ● No clean water supply so people didn’t bathe very often Burghers were the townspeople who eventually fought the feudal lords for control of the local economies and governments Cities and Towns Grew

5. A financial revolution occurred due to increased trade ● Trade increased the need for large amounts of cash ● Merchants had to borrow money to buy goods so they could sell them and make a profit ● Need for cash led to the loan industry and banking ● Lending and banking was done by Jews because the Catholic church outlawed usury, which is lending money and charging interest Financial Revolution

8. Medieval universities were established Universities were initially just groups of scholars who met to study, discuss, teach, and learn together Most scholars used Latin but some began to use the everyday language, called vernacular Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in English Europe was introduced to ancient Greek texts through trade with the Byzantine and Muslim world Church scholars used Jewish and Muslim scholars to help them translate texts into Latin Europe was introduced to knowledge in science, philosophy, law and mathematics as well as Muslim ideas on ships, navigation, and weapons Learning and Education Increased

9. The Late Middle Ages was an era marked by major social, religious, and health crises. War, plague, social unrest, and religious schism characterized this era.

12. 1337: Chas IV of France (Son of Phil #4 the Fair) =dead! No heir! King Edward III of England (15 years old), whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV (The Fair) asserts claim to throne! The French nobility selected Philip VI of Valois, a cousin of the last king through the male line. In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.” 1. Controversy Over Succession

13. 2. Fr. Land Belonging to Br. Kings A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings. Edward was actually a vassal of Philip holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest]. 1340: Eddy asserts he is king of both E and F!

14. 3. Conflict Over Flanders Wool industry. Much trade between England and Flanders. Flanders wants its independence from French control. Asks England for help. Want Eddy on throne to continue rich trade! The ‘dagger’ pointing at the ‘heart’ of England!

15. 4. A Struggle for National Identity France was NOT a united country before the war began. The French king only controlled about half of the country.

17. Military Characteristics The War was a series of short raids and expeditions punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties. Y The relative strengths of each country dictated the sporadic nature of the struggle.

18. French Advantages Population of about 16,000,000. 3Xs that of England! Far richer and more populous than England but still had trouble raising money—borrowed from Italian bankers. At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000  at most, Britain mustered only 32,000. HOWEVER, France lacked unity and KINGS SUCKED!

19. British Advantages Weapons Technologies. Although in almost every engagement, the English were outnumbered… Y Britain’s most successful strategies: / Avoid pitched battles. / Engage in quick, profitable raids N Steal what you can. N Destroy everything else. N Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom.

20. Early English Victories 1340: English naval victory at Sluys (north of Calais) Then turned to a land battle and the use of… (pikes and gunpowder and iron shot, oh my!) AND…

21. The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow. Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow. Y Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards! A longbow could be fired more rapidly. Y 6-10 arrows per minute. The Longbow as a Weapon

22. The British Longbow: Battle of Crecy, 1346 “blackened the sky with arrows”—secured Crecy and Calais The Battle of Poitiers, 1356—same strategy The British Longbow: Battle of Crecy, 1346 “blackened the sky with arrows”—secured Crecy and Calais The Battle of Poitiers, 1356—same strategy

23. The Effective Use of the Cannon at Poitiers, 1 356

24. Peace of Bretigny (1360) French sue for peace King Edward III denounces claim to the French throne in exchange for Calais, and parts of Aquitaine (SW) The Jacquerie (1358) In the confusion and unrest following the French disaster at Poitiers, this rural movement began. It was a response to the longstanding economic and political grievances in the countryside worsened by warfare. The rebels were defeated by aristocratic armies.

25. Phase 2: Chas V (France, r. 1364-1380) renews War Strategy: Wear down English forces on the Continent; avoid major confrontations…too costly! Soldiers plundering; devastates people BUT... Y 1377  Ed III dead Y 1380  Chas V dead English having troubles at home and almost pushed off the Continent…sooooooo 1396  informal TRUCE ends Phase II and kings focus attentions inward

26. Trouble in England Peasant Revolt in 1381 was put down by King Richard II [r. 1377-1399]. After charges of tyranny, Richard II was forced to abdicate in 1300. Parliament elected Henry IV [r. 1399-1413], the first ruler from the House of Lancaster. Y Henry avoided war taxes. Y He was careful not to alienate the nobility.

27. Phase III: King Henry V (r. 1413 - 1422 ) Renewed his family’s claim to the French throne (Chas VI) At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry himself, goaded a larger French army into attacking a fortified English position. Y With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of northern France!

28. A Burgundian Presence

29. Treaty of Troyes (1420) Charles VI’s son [the future Charles VII], was declared illegitimate and disinherited. Henry V married Catherine, the daughter of Charles VI. Y Henry was declared the legitimate heir to the French throne! A final English victory seemed assured, but both Charles VI and Henry V died in 1422. This left Henry’s infant son, Henry VI [r. 1422-1461], to inherit BOTH thrones.

30. Height of English Dominance

31. The French “Reconquest” The two kings’ deaths ushered in the final stage of the 100 Years’ War [1422-1453]. Y Even though in 1428 the military and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed the situation. In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans. Y This began the reconquest of the north of France.

32. Joan of Arc (1412 - 1432) The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English. Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation. Y Her “voices” told her to go to the king and assist him in driving out the English. She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader!

33. Cannons Used at Orleons

34. Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to the King

35. Joan of Arc (1412 - 1432) She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence. With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending the “disinheritance”]. She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands. Y Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432. Y She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.

36. Joan as a “Feminist” Symbol Today?

37. The End of the War Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued. By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers except Calais. In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held fortress. Y This was the last battle of the war. There was not treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.

38. France Becomes Unified! France in 1337 France in 1453

39. Results of the War First modern war (weapons, violence against civilians) Feudal system breaking down Y Bastard Feudalism Y Professional armies/”Free companies” FOR FRENCH… English kicked off French soil French King gains power over vassals and consolidates power Y permanent army Y Tax base Y French nationalism emerging

40. Results for English Monarchy weakened; Parliament takes more control of finances CIVIL WAR: War of the Roses (1455-85) Lancaster vs. York Infamous Richard III (York) (r. 1483-85) takes throne from 12 year old nephew— Edward V-– kills him and his brother. Nobles rally to Henry Tudor (Lancaster) and he is crowned Henry VII (1485-1509) who marries Elizabeth (York)  strengthens England