1. PROCESS (Design &management)
System components Analysis & Process Design
PROCESS (Design &management)
SYSTEM analysis to increase Biosystem Productivity (PROFIT ) by Engineering and Management DESIGN of biotic and abiotic factor , to increase output and minimize input .

2. SYSTEM DESIGN TO INCRESE productivity
Measurement and Monitoring of parameters
Abiotic and Biotic factors
Input and Output variables
Management intervention
Structural intervention
Increase productivity often means increase profit ( $$$)

3. Intervention to system
Structural Intervention
Redesign of physical environment
Build new infrastructure
New engine
Installation of barrier
Generally for ABIOTIC factor
Management Intervention
Rescheduling of processing time
Better monitoring
Organize the worker
Generally related to BIOTIC factor.

4. Processing limitation Biotic factors limitation
METHOD IN PROFIT MAKING($$$). BIOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY. ( SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION.)
OUTPUT
Processing limitation
ABIOTIC
$$$$$$$$$$
BIOTIC
ABIOTIC Factors
Limitation
Biotic factors limitation
Input Limitation
INPUT
Reduction

5. ABIOTIC Factor Limiting BIOTIC Factor Limiting
METHOD To increase PRODUCTIVITY. Analytical framework for system design and Improvement. ( SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION.)
MAX OUTPUT
PROCESSING LOST
Efficient processing
Crop biological
potential
ABIOTIC Factor Limiting
$$$$$$$$$$
BIOTIC Factor Limiting
Good Infrastructure, climatic control
MIN INPUT
COSTLY

6. Harvest on hot/dry days
METHOD To IMPROVEME SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ROLE OF WATER MANAGEMENT. ( SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION.)
OUTPUT
Harvest on hot/dry days
Yield limit due wet condition
Water Management
Problems
Crop biological
potential
$$$$$$$$$$
Inadequate Basic plant Water Requirement
Good Irrigation & Drainage Infra.
INPUT
WATER COST
Minimize Water use

7. WATER the most Limiting factor to Plant growth ( Primary Productivity)
Without water no Photosynthesis, no life.
In Plant growth adequate water must be met to ensure optimum growth
Availability of water is express in term
Soil moisture ,meeting full plant requirement
Inadequate water lead to Plant Stress
Referred as Abiotic stress or Environmental Stress

8. Soil moisture , meeting full plant requirement
Meeting potential transpiration
If PAW is inadequate transpiration is suboptimal  so is growth under stress.
Relationship Transpiration ( T)
and Yield [Y]( Biological Productivity, Dry Matter)

9. Relationship T & Y Ypot = Tpot Yact= Tact Yact/Ypot= Tact/Tpot.
Reduction in Yield = ( 1- Tact/Tpot)

10. Evapotranspiration Evaporation from soil surface of crop area
And Transpiration from the crop
Under field condition
Yield [Y] ~ Evapotranspiration [ ET]
Ypot ~ET pot
Yact ~ ET act

11. Yact/Ypot = ETact/ ETpot
Ypot- Yact = 1- ETact/ETpot)

12. Yield Reduction due to Water Deficit
Non Limiting
Vegetative
Grain Filling
Booting
All stages
Yield Reduction due to Water Deficit

13. Structural Intervention in High Density Mango Orchard by introduction of micro irrigation
To reduce crop water stress.

14. Yield Component Analysis
Output = yield
Immediate input to yield is the COMPONENTS to make up the Yield.
Yield component analysis shows components limiting the potential yield due to abiotic stress.
Objectives :to redesign the production process to increase final harvest (Yield) by input manipulation.

15. Yield Component Analysis
Yield = mass / unit area;
mass/ unit time;
volume / time or area
Example:
Rice (grain) 10 ton/hectare ( 10 t/ha)
kg/m2,

16. Yield Component Analysis
No of Plant / unit Area ( m2)= A
No of panicles / plant = B
No of fruit /panicles = C
Average weight of fruit (kg) = D
Yield sample Area
Yield = AxBxCxD = Ykg/m2
Yield /ha = Y
[ 10000m2 = 1 ha. A B

17. Yield Component Analysis
SIMPLIFIED YIELD ESTIMATE: RICE
Number of Panicles /unit area= A
Average Grain Wt /panicles (kg) = D
Yield sample Area
Yield = AxD = Ykg/m2
Yield /ha = Y
[ m2 = 1 ha.] A
D= Grain weight /panicles