1. Participles

2. Verbal adjective Verb acting as adjective
*will not be main verb of sentence
Adjective characteristics:
Modifies a noun
Case, gender, number
Verb characterisctics:
Tense, voice
Can have DO or IO

3. 4 types of participles

4. Present active participle
“verb-ing”
Identify if the –ing word is a participle
I am walking.
She sees a man running.
The flying birds are pigeons.
I love sleeping.
I see dogs sleeping.

5. Perfect passive participle
“having been verb-ed” or “verb-ed”
Identify if there is a participle
The wounded man is sleeping.
The man, having been seen, tries to run.
I pushed him.
The cart pushed by the lady is green.
Soldiers often fight, having been trained to do so.

6. Future active participle
(no English equivalent)
“about to verb”
Identify the participle
I see the man about to fall.
People are about to dance!
I told a story about fish.
The cow, about to moo, will be my dinner.

7. Future passive participle
(no English equivalent)
“must be verbed”
usually should add “who/which” in translation
She is the girl [who] must be loved.
We saw the books [which] must be read.

8. Sample sentences We watch the rising sun. She helped the wounded man.
I saw a dog sleeping.
The book, having been read by us, was abandoned.
The cats, about to eat tuna, spotted mice.
I see men chasing girls.
N.B. participles sometimes form participial phrases

9. Adjective Review 2 kinds of adjectives 1st/2nd declension (bonus-a-um)
3rd declension
acer, acris, acre
fortis, forte
ingens, ingentis  pres. act. part.
Agree with noun they modify in…
Case, gender, number, and MAYBE declension

10. Translation/Formation
Active
Passive
Present x
Perfect
Future
“verb-ing”
1st + 2nd conjugations:
Present stem + -ns, -ntis
3rd + 4th conjugations:
Present stem + -ens, -entis
“having been verb-ed” or
“verbed”
4th principal part  us-a-um
what are the three tenses
what are the two voices
“must be verb-ed”
1st + 2nd conjugations:
Present stem + -ndus –a -um
3rd + 4th conjugations:
Present stem + -endus –a -um
“about to verb”
4th p.p. –us
+urus-a-um

11. x Examples Amo, amare, amavi, amatus Habeo, habēre, habui, habitus
Active
Passive
Present x
Perfect
Future
Amans, amantis -- loving
Habens, habentis -- having
Dicens, dicentis -- saying
Audiens, audientis -- hearing
Amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Habeo, habēre, habui, habitus
Dico, dicere, dixi, dictus
Audio, audire, audivi, auditus
Amatus –a –um – having been loved
Habitus –a –um – having been held
Dictus –a –um – having been said
Auditus –a –um – having been heard
Amaturus –a –um – about to love
Habiturus –a –um – about to hold
Dicturus –a –um – about to say
Auditurus –a –um – about to hear
Amandus, -a, -um – must be loved
Habendus –a –um – must be held
Dicendus –a –um – must be said
Audiendus –a –um – must be heard

12. x Practice Porto, portare, portavi, portatus – to carry
Pono, ponere, posui, positus – to put, place
Active
Passive
Present x
Perfect
Future
Portans, portantis –
carrying
Ponens, ponentis –
putting
Portatus –a –um –
having been carried
Positus –a –um –
Having been put
Portaturus-a-um
About to carry
Positurus –a –um
About to put
Portandus –a –um
Must be carried
Ponendus –a –um
Must be put

13. Present Active Participle
Declines in 3rd declension
Often creates participial phrase with direct object or prep phrase
Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate
Video puellam dormientem.
I see the girl sleeping/I see the sleeping girl
Puella dormiens videt.
The sleeping girl sees
Dormiens puellam video.
I, sleeping, see the girl

14. Present Active Participle
Draw arrow to word participle is modifying AND identify participial phrase + translate
Video militem currentem ad hostem.
I see the soldier running to the enemy
Vir, currens ad militem, est malus.
The man, running toward the soldier, is evil
Vir et hostis, currentes a milite, sunt boni.
The man and the enemy, running from the soldier, are good
Milites hostem pugnantes sunt fortes.
The soldiers fighting the enemy are brave
Pugnantes militem hostes non currebant.
The enemies fighting the soldier were not running

15. Perfect Passive Participle
Declines like a 1st/2nd declension adjective
Very very very common; usually has a prep phrase
Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate
Video donum portatum
I see the gift having been carried
Donum mihi datum habeo
I have a gift having been given to me
Amatus a matre sum laetus
I, having been loved by my mother, am happy

16. Perfect Passive Participle Continued
Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate
Amatum a me donum est in agro.
The gift, having been loved by me, is in the field
Donum a amico datum videmus.
We see the gift having been given by a friend
Dona ab omnibus amata in agro sunt.
The gifts having been loved by all are in the field

17. Future Participles Both decline like 1st/2nd declension adjectives
Not very common
Usually should be translated with a who/which
Puer amicum laudaturus ambulavit in viā.
The boy, about to praise his friend, walked in the road
Puer ab amicum laudandus ambulabit in agro.
The boy [who] must be praised by his friend will walk in the field
Homines multum portaturi currebant.
The people, about to carry much, were running.
Homines portandi currere non possunt.
The people [who] must be carried aren’t able to run

18. Practice Sentences Remus, videns sex aves, dixit, “Vinco!”
Remus, seeing 6 birds, said, “I win!”
Sed Romulus, videns duodecim aves, vero vicit.
But Romulus, seeing 12 birds, really won.
Romulus, incipiens murum facere, erat laetus.
Romulus, starting to make his wall, was happy.
Sed Remus furens murum fratris deridebat.
But Remus, raging, mocked his brother’s wall.
Romulus, cito movens, fratrem gladio necavit.
Romulus, moving quickly, killed his brother with a sword.

19. PPP Practice Romani a barbarīs petiti ducem volunt.
The Romans, having been attacked by barbarians, want a leader.
Vir a senatoribus vocatus ad Curia venit.
The man, having been called by the senators, comes to the senate house
Dux a legatīs inventus hostem superavit.
The leader, found by the messengers, overcame the enemy.
Hic, ab omnibus amatus, ad eius agrum ivit. Quis est?
This man, loved by all, went back to his farm.
Who is this man?

20. ANY QUESTIONS?