1. Open Vs Closed Circulatory System

2. Open
Open ended vessel which blood leaves
Blood flows around cells
Enters heart through openings
Closed
Blood remains in vessels
Materials exchanged by diffusion
More efficient then open system, Faster and flow can be increased/decreased

3. Blood Vessels 3 main types 1. Arteries (A for Away from heart)
divide into smaller vessels- Arterioles
2. Veins (to heart)
divide into smaller veins- Venules
3. Capillaries
tiny vessel (1 cell in thickness), link arteries & veins

4. Arteries Vs Veins
What have they both got in common? What is different?

5. Arteries Vs Veins Both have the same 3 layers.
Main difference is in the middle layer.
3 layers
Outer, is tough, made of protein called collagen which prevents wall from over expanding.
Middle, is muscle and elastic, it can alter the size of the vessel
Inner, are living cells called endothelium.

6. Valves
Blood pressure is the force blood applies against the wall of a blood vessel.
Blood pressure is highest in arteries, this causes the arteries to expand, which causes our pulse.
Pressure in veins is very weak. Ordinary muscles help push the blood by contracting and squeezing to return blood to the heart.
Because pressure is low, must prevent backflow
Valves control direction of blood flow

7. Artery Vein Carries blood away from heart Carries blood to heart
Blood under high pressure
Blood under low pressure
Thick walls
Thin walls
Small Lumen
Large Lumen
Blood flows in pulse
No pulse
Blood rich in oxygen
Blood low in oxygen
Valves absent
Valves present

8. Capillaries Tiny, branched vessels
Walls are permeable, allow materials to move across the walls
100,000 km

10. The Heart
Made of cardiac (slow to fatigue) muscle, surrounded by a double membrane called Pericardium.
It contracts 100,000 times a day
Pumps 5-20 litres of blood per minute
Why such a difference? 5-20

12. Structure of the Heart Divided into 2 side by a wall called Septum.
4 chambers,
2 upper = Atria, 2 lower = Ventricles
Atria & ventricles are separated by valves
These valves are held in place by tendons
These tendons are held in place by Papillary Muscles.
Valve on right has 3 flaps, tricuspid valve
Valve on left has 2 flaps, bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves prevent blood returning to heart

13. Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Semilunar valve
Semilunar valve
Pulmonary vein
Superior vena cava
Pacemaker
Left atrium
Right atrium
Bicuspid valve
Inferior
vena cava
Tendon
Tricuspid valve
Papillary Muscle
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Cardiac Muscle
Septum
Pericardium

14. Blood flow in the heart Step 1
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through 2 venae cavae.
Superior - head, arms, chest.
Inferior – Lower part of body.
The right atrium contracts forcing blood into right ventricle
The venae cavae close to prevent backflow

15. Blood flow in the heart Step 2
When the right ventricle contracts the tricuspid valve is forced closed
Blood is then forced out of the heart and into the lungs through the semilunar valve in the pulmonary artery.

16. Blood flow in the Heart Stage 3
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs and enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins (only vein to ever carry oxygen rich blood)
Pumped through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle

17. Blood flow in the heart Stage 4
When the left ventricle contracts the bicuspid valve closes.
Blood is pumped out of the heart through the semilunar valve in the aorta
When the ventricles relax these valves close to stop backflow

18. Double Circulation
Heart is really a double pump. The 2 sides of the heart are divided by the septum.
Why is this necessary?
Answer=
Hence humans have a 2-circuit circulatory system.
The Pulmonary Circuit & The Systemic Circuit

20. Double Circulation Pulmonary circuit
Right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood around the pulmonary circuit.
This circuit is short so the walls of the ventricle are thin

21. Double Circulation Systemic Circuit
The Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to head, arms, trunk and legs.
This is a much longer route so the walls are much thicker and stronger.

23. Double Vs Single Circulation
Allows oxygen rich and poor blood to be kept separate.
Ensures the blood pressure is high enough to reach all parts of the body.
Single circulation system can only produce low pressure, this restricts activities of animal i.e. worm

24. Blood supply to the Heart itself
supplied by the coronary arteries
These are connected by the aorta
coronary veins drain blood into the right atrium
Blockage of the coronary arteries is a common cause for heart attacks

25. What Controls the Heartbeat
The pacemaker or SA (Sino-atrial node), located in the wall at the top of the right atrium
It sends out a regular electrical impulse which causes the atria to contract, followed by the ventricles.
Frequency of these impulses are controlled by the brain & can speed up or slow down.

26. Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pacemaker
Inferior
vena cava

27. Stages of heartbeat Diastole = Chambers relax
Systole = Chambers contract
1. Blood enters heart (Atrial Diastole)
both Ventricles & Atria are relaxed. All valves are closed.

28. Stages of Heartbeat
Blood is pumped from atria to ventricles
(Atrial systole)
PM cause atria to contract (how?), this pumps blood into ventricle.
The tri & bi-cuspid valves open while the venae cava & pulmonary veins close. Semi-lunar valves remain closed.

29. Stages of heartbeat 3. Blood leaves the heart (Ventricular Systole)
Atria relax, impulses from AV (atrio-ventricular) nodes cause ventricles to contract. This forces blood out through the pulmonary artery & Aorta
The pressure forces open semi-lunar valves & closes the tri & bi-cuspid valves
Ventricles relax, closing the semi-lunar valves.

31. Sound of Heartbeat “Lub-dub” sound Caused by valves being forced shut
Lub due to bi & tri-cuspid valves closing
Dub due to semi-lunar valves snapping shut

32. Pulse
When left (thick) ventricle contracts, pressure of blood forced in the aorta causes it to expand & then contract
This forms a wave down the arteries called pulse
Average adult pulse rate is 72 beats/min
Most people between

33. Blood Pressure
This is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels
Human blood pressure is measured by finding the amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of blood
This produces 2 readings
1. When there is a pulse 2. When no pulse

34. Blood Pressure
Typical blood pressure in adults is 120/80 mm of mercury. These values rise with age.
If the lower value goes over 95 mm of Hg the person suffers from high blood pressure
High blood pressure is caused by blockages in arteries.

35. Effects of smoking on Heart
Tabacco contains 400 harmful chemicals, including nicotine (more addictive then heroin)
Nicotine causes increased heart rate & blood pressure
Carbon monoxide reduces O2 carried by blood
In Ireland 7000 people a yr die form smoking

36. Effects of exercise on Heart
When we exercise our muscles get bigger & stronger this is the same for our heart
Exercise improves circulation and reduces body weight
Most beneficial exercise is aerobic exercise e.g. Walking, jogging, running, swimming and Dancing so get your feet moving.

37. Effects of Diet on Heart
3 main factors = salt, fat & being overweight
Harmful fats found in red meat & dairy, they contain Cholesterol which forms blockages
1 packet of processed foods contains your entire days intake of salt
Obesity causes high blood pressure & heart attacks