1. The Information Bottleneck Method clusters the response space, Y, into a much smaller space, T. In order to informatively cluster the response space, the mutual information function between Y and T must be minimized with the constraint that the mutual information between the stimulus space, X, and T must be greater than or equal to some distortion rate, I 0. The Basic Optimization Problem: 2,4 I 0 is an information rate q ≔ q(T|Y) is a conditional probability that maps Y to T Δ ≔ {q(T|Y) : } I(X;T) ≔ I(Y;T) ≔ To solve this, we utilize the method of annealing. The algorithm for this method is 2,3 1.Perform β-step: Let β j+1 = β j +s j where s j >0 2.Take q (0) j+1 = q j + η as an initial guess for the solution q j+1 at β j+1 3.Solve to get maximizer q j+1 How to Determine Solutions: 2,4 The Hessian: The Lagrangian: If the Hessian is negative definite on ker(J 1 ) or ker(J 2 ) for a certain q*, then that q* is a solution to the initial problem. How to Determine Bifurcations: 2 The Gradient Flow: If is either positive or negative definite on ker( ) for a (q*,λ*,β*), then that (q*,λ*,β*) is a singularity of the gradient flow if and only if (q*,λ*,β*) is a bifurcation point. Results 1.The Information Bottleneck Method is providing nearly deterministic clusters of the Gaussian Four-Blob distribution. 2.Evaluating a bifurcation discriminator, we have numerical evidence that subcritical bifurcations exist, which is contrary to the hypotheses of others working with this method. Conclusions The Information Bottleneck Method is providing clusters of the information that accurately models the original system. However, we have numerical evidence that sub-critical branches exist. In other words, optimal clustering schemes not found by the method of annealing may exist. This will be further explored by making an annealing along branches predicted to be sub- critical using continuation techniques. Building Soft Clusters of Data via the Information Bottleneck Method Russell J. Ricker 1, Albert E. Parker 1, Tomáš Gedeon 1, Alexander G. Dimitrov 2 1 Montana State University Department of Mathematical Sciences 2 Washington State University Department of Mathematics Abstract Information-based distortion methods have been used successfully to analyze the relationship between stimulus and reaction spaces, such as in neural coding and text classification. Distortion methods make few assumptions concerning the correspondence between the two spaces, providing maximally informative relationships between them. I used the Information Bottleneck technique to create soft clustering of a synthetic data set with 50 stimuli and 50 neural responses with a multivariate Gaussian (with 4-blobs) which reconstructed their hypothetical relationship. The algorithm utilized an annealing method to solve the high-dimensional non-linear problem, and was implemented using Matlab®. As the annealing parameter increased, the solution to the problem underwent a series of phase transitions, or bifurcations, that eventually stabilized to a nearly deterministic clustering. By calculating the matrix of second derivatives (the Hessian), we are able to determine when the bifurcations occur. By calculating arrays of third and fourth derivatives, we are able to determine whether the bifurcations are subcritical or supercritical. The existence of subcritical branches implies that several solutions not found by the method of annealing exist. Because the method of annealing is guaranteed to converge, the subcritical branch must turn at a later bifurcation and become optimal. I show that we can obtain nearly optimal information preservation for N=4 classes, as well as provide evidence that sub-critical bifurcations exist. References [1] T. Cover and J. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory. New York: Wiley Series in Communication (1991). [2] A. E. Parker, A. G. Dimitrov, T. Gedeon. “Symmetry Breaking in Soft Clustering Decoding of Neural Codes.” IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, 56.2 (2010). Pp. 901-927 [3] K. Rose, “Deterministic annealing for clustering, compression, classification, regression, and related optimization problems,” Proc. IEEE, 86.11 (1998). Pp.2210-2239 [4] T. Gedeon, A. E. Parker, A. G. Dimitrov. “The Mathematical Structure of Information Bottleneck Methods.” Entropy, 14.3 (2012). Pp. 456-479 Figure 1. A 52-by-52 class Gaussian distribution with well-separated peaks. This was the test distribution used to obtain the results. The vertical axis is the input space, the horizontal axis is the output space, and the dark areas correspond to high-probability areas. Theoretical Background Figure 2. The Annealing parameter β versus value of the mutual information between the input space X and the clustered output space T for the Information Bottleneck Method. The dotted line is the value of the mutual information between X and Y. Figure 3. In this picture we can see the optimal clusterings for each of N=2, 3, 4 and 5 clusters. N=2 and N=3 display mismatched clusters; N=5 shows a cluster that has not yet resolved. N=4 displays well-divided and nearly deterministic clusters. Figure 5. This image, from “Symmetry Breaking in Soft Clustering Decoding of Neural Codes,” demonstrates the bifurcating branch. This figure was derived from the Information Distortion Method. Figure 4. Bifurcation Diagram when N=4. The panels illustrate the sequence of symmetry-breaking bifurcations from the branch (q 1/N,λ,β) with symmetry S 4, to symmetry S 3 (blue), to symmetry S 2 (black), to symmetry S 1 (cyan). From “Symmetry”, p17. NDiscriminator 2-1.026e-5 3-10.38 4-6.62e-15 5-58.09