1. Personal Identification
“Law of Multiplicity of Evidence”
The greater the number of similarities and dissimilarities, the greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.

2. Early Method of identification
Tatooing
Maiming

3. Alphonse Bertillion Father of Personal Identification
1882, became head of the identification service in the office of the Prefect of Police
Spread a new system of identification called anthropometry
Combined portrait parle with anthropometry

4. Anthropometry
Anthropometry is a very old science which relates to the measurement of body dimensions. These may be:
lengths (e.g. the length of the thigh bone or femur),
breadths (e.g. the width across the shoulders, the biacromial breadth),
girths (e.g. waist circumference)
common measurements ( e.g. stature or height and mass or weight)‏
measurement of skinfold thickness at various sites on the body (e.g. at the back of the upper arm, tricep skinfold).

5. Portrait Parle Literally means 'word picture'
Method of describing people verbally
Included in Bertillion's identification system
Foundation of present-day description of criminals and non-criminals

6. Will West and William West
1903
US Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas
Almost exact Bertillion measurements

7. History of Fingerprint
Picture writing of a hand with ridge patterns was discovered in Nova Scotia.
In ancient Babylon, fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions.
In ancient China, thumb prints were found on clay seals. They referred to it as Hua Chi (Ki and Io)‏
In 14th century Persia, various official government papers had fingerprints (impressions), and one government official, a doctor, observed that no two fingerprints were exactly alike.

9. Nehemiah Grew
1684
Philosophical Transaction presented in Royal Society of London, England
Described the ridges and pores of the hands and feet

10. Govard Bidloo
Studied sweat pores and ridges

11. Marcelo Malpighi Father of Dactyloscopy 1686
Professor at University of Bolognia, Italy
Written “De Externo Tactus Organo”
Discovery of Epidermis and Dermis layer
Malphigi layer

12. JCA Mayer 1788 Anatomiche Kuphertafeln
First to state that fingerprints are never duplicated in two persons

13. Johannes Purkinje 1823 Professor at University of Breslau, Germany
Established a classification system of fingerprints
Identified 9 type of patterns
Did not associate fingerprints with identification

14. Herman Welcker
Took his own fingerprint twice with a lapse of 41 years and showed the ridge formation remains the same

15. William Herschel
1858
Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India
First to advocate the use of fingerprints as substitute for signature among Indian natives to avoid impersonation
Based on superstition rather than personal identification
Rajyadhar Konai – local businessman, first person that Herschel took the palm print of

17. Henry Faulds
1870's
British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan
Credited with first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle
Took up the study of "skin-furrows" after noticing finger marks on specimens of "prehistoric" pottery
Published an article in the Scientific Journal, "Nature"
Fingerprint as means of personal identification
Use of printer's ink

18. Gilbert Thomson 1882 U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico
Used his own thumb print on a document to prevent forgery
First known use of fingerprints in the United States

20. Mark Twain 1883 Samuel L. Clemens Life of the Mississippi
a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprint identification
Pudd'n Head Wilson
there was a dramatic court trial on fingerprint identification

21. Francis Galton 1888 First classification system
Developed the Arch, Loop and Whorl patterns as general classification
Identified 9 types of patterns
First to establish a Civil Bureau of Personal Identification
Minutia or Galton details
Stated that the possibility of having two fingerprints alike is 1:64,000,000,000

22. Juan Vucetich
1891
Argentine Police Official, began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types
System was accepted in most Spanish Speaking countries
At first, included fingerprint with the Bertillon System files
1892
First criminal fingerprint identification
Francis Rojas-murdered her two sons and cut her own throat (left a bloody mark at the post)‏

25. Haque and Bose
June 12, 1897
Council of the Governor General of India approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for classification of criminal records
Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau became the world's first Fingerprint Bureau
Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque and Rai Hem Chandra Bose
Indian fingerprint experts credited with primary development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification

26. Edward Richard Henry Father of fingerprint
Developed the Henry System of Classification at Scotland Yard
Accepted by almost all English-speaking countries
Published book "The Classification and Use of Fingerprints"

27. Edmond Locard 12 point system
Wrote that if 12 points (Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification