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Quantification of anthropogenic emissions from an urban region: First results of time-integrated flask samples from the Indianapolis Flux Project (INFLUX)

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Presentation on theme: "Quantification of anthropogenic emissions from an urban region: First results of time-integrated flask samples from the Indianapolis Flux Project (INFLUX)"— Presentation transcript:

1 Quantification of anthropogenic emissions from an urban region: First results of time-integrated flask samples from the Indianapolis Flux Project (INFLUX) Jocelyn Turnbull, Colm Sweeney, Doug Guenther, Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL and CIRES, University of Colorado Natasha Miles, Scott Richardson, Thomas Lauvaux, Kenneth Davis, Pennsylvania State University Paul Shepson, Obie Cambaliza, Purdue University Kevin Gurney, Arizona State University Scott Lehman, INSTAAR, University of Colorado NOAA/ESRL Carbon Cycle Group, INSTAAR Isotope and 14 C Lab Staff

2 INFLUX: Indianapolis Flux Project Develop and test techniques/approaches for measurement of urban- scale greenhouse gas emission fluxes – top-down and bottom-up Tower-based measurements – 12 towers In situ - CO 2 /CO/CH 4 Flasks – 52 species and isotopes Bottom-up inventories Vulcan 0.1° for US Hestia block level for Indianapolis Data analysis and modeling Mass balance approach WRF-CHEM inversions Driving tours ~monthly In situ and flasks Aircraft-based measurements ~biweekly flights In situ and flasks

3 INFLUX tower flask sampling  New integrated flask sampling system  First flask measurements

4 Why use time-integrated flask samples? In urban regions, can have substantial variability in mixing ratios – integrated samples reduce some of this noise Match atmospheric sampling with the ~1 hour time step of regional models and meteorological data Keep integrating time short enough that meteorology is consistent INFLUX tower 1, 2011-04-09 20:00-21:00 UTC

5 integrating volume (15L) filter valve water trap Dryer/integrater packageIntegrating compressor packagePortable flask package filter fast flush valve vent valve 0-1L flow controller pump pressure relief valve pressure sensor pump Sample collected over 1 hour Mix 1 hour of air by flowing through a large mixing volume Vary flow rate during filling to obtain close to linear mixture Collect air into 2 PFP flasks for measurement Integrated flask sampling

6 Integrated flask sampling validation in situ – flask difference 0.01±0.09 ppm Hourly averaged continuous – integrated flask CO 2 For comparison: LEF 396 m in situ vs grab flask samples (2006-2011) in situ – flask difference 0.03±0.38 ppm

7 INFLUX: Tower flask results Flask samples collected only when Tower 2 is downwind Tower 1 is always upwind, background station (Criteria met 25% of days) Towers are 120-150m tall cell phone towers Prevailing wind

8 CO 2 enhancements across Indianapolis Tower 2 (downwind) - Tower 1 (upwind)

9 Enhancements across Indianapolis Strong enhancements in most anthropogenic species

10  14 CO 2 and fossil fuel CO 2  14 CO 2 is lower at Tower 2 – 14 C-free CO 2 ff decreases  14 CO 2  14 CO 2 CO 2 ff CO 2 ff = CO 2obs (Δ obs -Δ bg ) Δ ff -Δ bg CO 2r (Δ r -Δ bg ) Δ ff -Δ bg CO 2 ff enhanced at Tower 2

11 Contributions to CO 2 enhancement Indiana has 10% bio-ethanol in gasoline – expect  CO 2 7-10% higher than  CO 2 ff CO 2 ff and bio-ethanol explain all of  CO 2 in winter No significant respiration/photosynthesis contribution Flask samples from Dec 2010 – Feb 2011 Slope = 1.1 ± 0.2 ppm/ppm 1:1 line (if  CO 2 all due to CO 2 ff)

12 Correlation with CO and benzene Emission ratios are ~20% lower than observed in other US cities Large power plant contributes 30% of Indy CO 2 ff = lower emission ratios? CO:CO 2 ff 11±3 ppb/ppm Benzene:CO 2 ff 12±3 ppt/ppm

13 Summary  INFLUX towers use a new time-integrated flask sampling system to collect samples averaged over a 1 hour period  Tower sampling is designed to capture both upwind (background) and downwind signals  Strong enhancements in anthropogenic species across the urban region  In winter in Indianapolis, the CO 2 enhancement appears to be entirely due to CO 2 ff and bio-ethanol (there is no apparent photosynthesis/respiration signal)  Reasonable correlations of CO 2 ff with combustion tracers such as CO and benzene, with emission ratios slightly lower than Western US cities, likely due to influence of power plant  Correlations with other species (e.g. halocarbons) also seen

14 INFLUX: Indianapolis Flux Project Develop and test techniques/approaches for measurement of urban- scale greenhouse gas emission fluxes – top-down and bottom-up Aircraft-based measurements – biweekly flights Driving tours - monthly Tower-based measurements – 12 towers In situ - CO 2 /CO/CH 4 Flasks – 40 species and isotopes Bottom-up inventories Vulcan 0.1° for US Hestia block level for Indianapolis Data analysis and modeling Mass balance approach WRF-CHEM inversions Opportunities for Collaboration We welcome collaborators to enhance and expand the INFLUX effort. Possibilities include: Enhanced atmospheric sampling 14 CO 2 /flask measurements In situ CO measurements Measurement from vehicles Other species and isotopes Atmospheric transport will be a primary source of uncertainty in our final results: wind profiler (4Km) Airborne doppler profiler Radiosonde measurements Remote Sensing GOSAT (CO 2, CH 4 ), MOPITT (CO) MODIS, LANDSAT (Biosphere),AVIRIS (IR emissions), FTIR New Methods Inverse Modeling Multiple bottom-up data streams New measurement techniques and species

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