1. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M. Khederzadeh Power & Water University of Technology (PWUT) Tehran, IRAN. M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Impacts on the Performance of Special Protection Schemes (SPS)

2. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  Presence of DG increases the uncertainty of load and generation balance during extreme contingencies.  In order to compensate for this uncertainty, many SPSs are designed with pessimistic assumptions and consequently overreact.  For example, too much load could be shed in a specific network situation or disturbance. M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Motivation of Research

3. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  Introduction  DER Impact on Performance of SPS  SPS and Uncertainties of DERs  Simulation Results  Remedial Actions  Conclusion M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Presentation Outline

4. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  Power System protection can be divided as: 1. Equipment protection 2. System protection(SPS=System Protection Scheme)  SPS are protections which operate on selected rare contingencies usually outside the design range of the system and equipments.  SPS operates upon the detection of extreme contingencies. M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Introduction

5. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  Renewable energy resources have an uncertain generation nature.  If real-time data of the DERs are not available to the SPS; its reaction is not optimized.  Impact of the DERs uncertainty on the SPS operation depends on its complexity.  Real time SPSs have a more optimized reaction because they are based on the knowledge of the actual network conditions. M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 DER Impact on SPS Performance

6. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Sample Network

7. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Sample Network Transmission Lines

8. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Sample Network Wind Generation

9. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Wind turbine output power versus turbine speed for different wind speeds

10. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Generated P and Q of the wind farm for 8m/s and 14m/s wind speed

11. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 P and Q for wind speed 8m/s. Line1 is disconnected at t=35s. SPS correctly reacts to mitigate Line 2 overloading.

12. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 P and Q for wind speed 10m/s. Line1 is disconnected at t=35s. SPS overreacts at t=40s to mitigate Line 2 overloading.

13. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 SPS performance for different wind farm generation in response to a disturbance

14. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  Development of a communication infrastructure in order to have enough data of DERs applicable in the SPS decision taking, i.e., transformation of conventional SPS into smart SPS.  Another solution could be implementation of pre- prepared wind/sunshine patterns into the SPS reaction plan. M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Remedial Actions

15. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  The impact of DERs on the conventionally designed SPS is investigated.  It is shown that the uncertainty embedded in the nature of renewable resources such as wind and sunshine can influence the performance of SPS. M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Conclusion

16. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  Generally, it is assumed that the DERs are operating at their rated power output, so if real- time data from these sources are not available, then the SPS action to shed generation/load to alleviate overloading of transmission lines is overated. M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Conclusion…

17. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011  In order to improve the knowledge on system security, a statistical approach can be defined to allow engineers to study the behavior of power systems taking into account many uncertainties that influence the results. M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Conclusion…

18. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Questions M.Khederzadeh – IRAN – RIF S3 – Paper 0066 Thank you for your attention!