2. Review the parts of kidney e f a b c d

3. Objective 10 URETERS--slender tubes 10-12 inches long convey urine from kidney to bladder. Peristalsis moves the urine

4. Objective 10 continued Renal calculi or kidney stones may obstruct the ureters.

5. Objective 11 Urinary Bladder Smooth collapsible, muscular sac. Trigone--outlines the three openings. (2 ureteral, one urethral)

6. Objective 12: Urethra Thin walled, muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder. (see Diagram)

7. Objective 13: male/female Females urethra much shorter. Male urethra longer and has double function. Carries urine and sperm.

8. Objective 14: Micturition Voiding, emptying the bladder. 200 mL of urine accumulated, stretch receptors are triggered, send message to spine, spine send signal. Muscles of bladder contract, sphincter relaxes.

9. Objective 15 : Water content Total body water is a function of *weight, *age, *sex, and *amount of body fat.(more fat,less water) Baby=73% water, teen=male 57-63%, female 50% older adult=45%

10. Obj 16: Fluid Compartments 1. Intracellular fluid = 25 L (40% body weight. 2. Interstitial fluid = 15L (16% body weight) 3. Plasma = 3 L (4% body wt)

11. Obj. 17 Electrolytes Electrolytes- break apart into ions in aqueous solutions. Ex. NaCl--Na + Cl Because they dissociate, they can cause fluid shifts. +

12. Obj. 17 Continued Nonelectrolytes have bonds that keep them from dissociating.

13. Obj. 18 Fluid Shifts Fluids can move from ICF to ECF based on osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure. (fluids move from high to low pressure, high to low concentration)

14. Excretion Objectives 19-22 Anatomy & Physiology Richards Add Corporate Logo Here To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select “Picture” Locate your logo file Click OK To resize the logo Click anywhere inside the logo. The boxes that appear outside the logo are known as “resize handles.” Use these to resize the object. If you hold down the shift key before using the resize handles, you will maintain the proportions of the object you wish to resize.

15. Obj. 19 Water Routes Intake: –ingested foods –ingested fluids, –metabolic water

16. Obj. 19 Water Routes Output: leaves through –lungs –skin –digestive tract –kidneys

17. Obj. 20 Dehydration, Cause- loss exceeds intake (vomiting,hemorrhage, diarrhea, sweating, etc. –evidenced by thirst and decreased urine output –result-weight loss, fever, mental confusion

18. Obj. 20 hypotonic hydration –(water intoxication) –cause--too much water –result--nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, cerebral edema, (extreme can cause coma or even death.

19. Obj. 20 Edema –An accumulation of water in ECF – Cause--events where more fluid flow out of blood or hinders return. –(HBP, congestive heart failure, pregnancy, bad valves) –result--swelling, impaired tissue function

20. Obj. 21 Electrolyte sources –Enter from ingested foods and fluids –Four main ones- Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+ –Lost through perspiration, feces, and urine.

21. Obj. 22 Important Acids –phosphoric acid –sulfuric acid –lactic acid –hydrochloric acid

22. Obj. 23 Buffer Systems –b–bicarbonate buffer system –p–phosphate buffer system –p–protein buffer system

23. Obj. 24 Kidney Regulation –Hydrogen ion- all excreted in urine are secreted into the filtrate. For each H+ secreted, a Na+ is reabsorbed.

24. –Tubules regulate the bicarbonate ion by conserving those produced in them by carbonic acid. Obj. 24 cont.