1. Moving Arrays -- 1 Completion of ideas needed for a general and complete program Final concepts needed for Final Review for Final – Loop efficiency

2. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 2 / 29 Tackled today Declaring and initializing arrays off the stack – Review and a little bit of new Useful for background DMA tasks Useful for minimizing total memory used in non-general program Declaring arrays and variables on the stack – Review and a little bit of new Re-entrant code and thread safe Demonstrating memory to memory DMA

3. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 3 / 29 Declaring fixed arrays in memory – not on the stack short foo_startarray[40]; short far_finalarray[40]; void HalfWaveRectifyASM( ) { // Take the signal from foo_startarray[ ] and rectify the signal // Half wave rectify – if > 0 keep the same; if < 0 make zero //Full wave rectify – if > 0 keep the same; if < 0 then abs value // Rectify startarray[ ] and place result in finalarray[ ] for (int count = 0; count < 40; count++) { if (foo_startarray[count] < 0) far_finalarray[count] = 0; else far_finalarray[count] = foo_startarray[count]; } The program code is the same – but the data part is not

4. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 4 / 29 First attempt to get correct answer.section data1 Tells linker to place this stuff in memory map location data1.align 4 – adjust address to end in 0, 4, 8 or C We know processor works best when we start things on a boundary between groups of 4 bytes [N * 2] We need N short ints We know the processor works with address working in bytes. Therefore need N * 2 bytes sounds sensible

5. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 5 / 29 “ wrong approach” – does not match with what C / C++ does with memory 20 bytes (16 bits) for N short value in C++ = N * 2 bytes

6. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 6 / 29 “Correct approach was NOT what I expected” ASM Array with space for N long ints.var arrayASM[N]; better.byte4 arrayASM[N]; ASM Array with space for N short ints var arrayASM[N / 2]; better.byte2 arrayASM[N}; ASM Array with space for N chars var arrayASM[N / 4]; better.byte arrayASM[N];

7. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 7 / 29 Better answer is “Look at the assembler manual”

8. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 8 / 29 Improving what we did before Big warning – external array initialization occurs on “reload” of your program code and NOT on “restart” of your program code (WHY?) Understanding why this is true and why it is a problem will solve many issues when programming

9. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 9 / 29

10. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 10 / 29 When DMA might be useful -- Video manipulation Program Wait for picture 1 to come in – video-in Process picture 1 – lots of mathematics perhaps Wait for picture 1 to be transmitted – video out Spending a lot of time waiting rather than doing

11. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 11 / 29 When DMA might be useful -- Double Buffering Program 1. Wait for picture 2 memory to fill – video-in 2. Picture 3 comes into memory – background DMA task from input Process picture 2 – place result into picture 0 location 3. Picture 4 comes into memory – background DMA task from input Process picture 3 – place result into picture 1 location Transmit picture 0 – background DMA task to output 4. Picture 0 comes into memory – background DMA task from input Process picture 4 – place result into picture 2 location Transmit picture 1– background DMA task to output 5. Picture 1 comes into memory – background DMA task from input Process picture 0 – place result into picture 3 location Transmit picture 2 – background DMA task to output 6. Picture 2 comes into memory – background DMA task from input Process picture 1 – place result into picture 4 location Transmit picture 3– background DMA task to output 7. REPEAT STEPS FOR EVER

12. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 12 / 29 We are only going to look at a simple DMA task Normal code when trying to move data from one location to another Number of simple examples in Lab. 3 using SPI interface 1) P0  address of start_array[0]; 2) P1  address of final_array[0]; 3) R0  number of data items to be transferred needed to transfer 4) R1  How many values already transferred 5) R1 = 0; LOOP: 6) CC = R0 <= R1 7) IF CC JUMP DONE: 8) R2 = [P0++]; VERY BIG PIPELINE 9) [P1++] = R2; LATENCY ISSUES 10) JUMP LOOP; MANY INTERNAL PROCESSOR STALLS ON DATA BUS DONE: WHILE WAIT FOR R2 TO BE Must wait to Do something else READ, STORED and then TRANSMITTED INSTRUCTION BUS STALLS EVERY TIME THE CODE JUMPS -- LOSE 4 CYCLES

13. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 13 / 29 We are only going to look at a simple DMA task DMA special hardware that works without the processor 1) DMA_source_address_register  address of start_array[0]; 2) DMA_destination_address_register  address of final_array[0]; 3) DMA_max_count_register  max-value needed to transfer 4) DMA_count_register  How many values already transferred R1 = 0; LOOP: CC = R0 <= R1 IF CC JUMP DONE: 5) DMA_enable = true R2 = [P0++]; DMA transfer happen in background [P1++] = R2; Miminized pipeline issues JUMP LOOP; DONE: Do something else Processor can do something else immediately while DMA hardware handles all the memory transfers WITHOUT PROCESSOR HELP.

14. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 14 / 29 Write some tests so we know how to proceed -- Test 1 Is DMA useful when the arrays being moved are in the processor’s internal memory and placed on the stack as with this code

15. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 15 / 29 Write some test so we know how to proceed -- Test 2 IS DMA useful when both the arrays are placed in external memory SDRAM is needed for large video images SDRAM -- MANY MEGS AVAILABLE SDRAM addresses hard- coded in this example

16. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 16 / 29 Write some test so we know how to proceed -- Test 3 Most probable way to use DMA – Store video arrays in SLOW external memory Move to FAST internal memory for processing, put result back into external SDRAM addresses hard- coded in this example WAIL -- Can use compiler section (“SDRAM”) syntax

17. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 17 / 29 Some results Code details later Compiler Debug Mode Compiler Release Mode L1  L1 Internal memory 8748625 L1  L1 DMA 65796477 DMA slower SDRAM  SDRAM external 3913228200 SDRAM  SDRAM DMA 1217512090 SDRAM  L1 DMA 52654836 SDRAM  L1 DMA L1  SDRAM DMA 97929276

18. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 18 / 29 Memory to memory move Debug Code

19. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 19 / 29 Review for final A) What happened here? B) What happened here? C) What happened here? E) What happened here? F) Determine loop efficiency in terms of instructions in terms of cycles / read_write op D) Why did this happen?

20. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 20 / 29 Answer questions ABCDEABCDE

21. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 21 / 29 Review for final Internal memory to Internal memory F) Determine loop efficiency in terms of cycles / read_write op internal memory -> internal memory size was 300 Useful reads 300 Useful writes 300 Cycles 8748 as measured 8748 / 600 = 14.58 Why not an exact number? Instructions in loop? 19 Total # of reads / write 9 / loop 2700 read / writes – around 3 cycles

22. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 22 / 29 Review for final SDRAM to SDRAM F) Determine loop efficiency in terms of cycles / read_write op SDRAM external -> SDRAM memory Useful reads / writes 300 each Cycles 39132 as measured 39132 / 600 = 65.22 Why not an exact number? Instructions in loop? 19 Total # of reads / write 9 / loop 7 * 300 read / writes internal 2 * 300 read / writes external Time r/w external = 39132 – 2100*3 33000 / 600 = 5.5 cycles Factor of 2 slower

23. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 23 / 29 Memory to memory move Release Mode

24. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 24 / 29 Review for final A) What happened here? B) What happened here? C) What happened here? E) What happened here? F) Determine loop efficiency in terms of instructions in terms of cycles / read_write op D) Why did this happen inside loop?

25. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 25 / 29 Answer questions ABCDEABCDE

26. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 26 / 29 F) Determine loop efficiency in terms of cycles / read_write op internal memory -> internal memory size was 300 Useful reads 300 Useful writes 300 Cycles 625 as measured 625 / 600 = 1.05 Why not an exact number? Instructions in loop? 4 300 * 4 = 1200 WE WOULD EXPECT 1200 cycles!!!! Where did the difference go? Release mode internal to internal

27. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 27 / 29 F) Determine loop efficiency in terms of cycles / read_write op SDRAM -> internal memory size was 300 Useful reads 300 Useful writes 300 Cycles 28200 as measured 28200 / 600 = 47 SDRAM access 47 cycles L1 memory 1 cycle Would make sense to process in L1 memory – so move SDRAM to L1 to process Release mode external to external

28. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 28 / 29 F) Determine loop efficiency in terms of cycles / read_write op SDRAM -> internal memory size was 300 Useful reads 300 Useful writes 300 Cycles 4836 as measured 300 of those are L1 writes Leaving 4500 4500 / 300 = 15 SDRAM read before 47 cycles SDRAM read now 15 cycles L1 -> L1 1 cycle Would make sense to process in L1 memory – so move SDRAM to L1 to process Loads of overhead in SDRAM to SDRAM External to internal

29. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 29 / 29 Tackled today Review of handling external arrays (global arrays) from assembly code Arrays declared in another file Arrays declared in this file -- NEW Needed for arrays used by ISRs Arrays declared on the stack Pointers passed as parameters to a subroutine Can’t use arrays on the stack when used by ISR

30. 11/12/2015DMA, Copyright M. Smith, ECE, University of Calgary, Canada 30 / 29 Information taken from Analog Devices On-line Manuals with permission http://www.analog.com/processors/resources/technicalLibrary/manuals/ http://www.analog.com/processors/resources/technicalLibrary/manuals/ Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Analog Devices assumes no responsibility for its use or for any infringement of any patent other rights of any third party which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent right of Analog Devices. Copyright  Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.