1. Chapter 2: The Physiology of Stress To understand the stress response, we must possess a fundamental knowledge not only of psychology but of physiology as well. - George Everly

2. The physiology of stress Hans Selye, considered by many as the father of the study of stress, developed the idea that there was a direct relationship between chronic stress and excessive wear and tear throughout the body.

3. Psychophysiology is a term to describe the body’s physiological reaction to perceived stressors suggesting that the stress response is a mind-body phenomenon.

4. The human brain is divided into three levels : the vegetative level the vegetative level the limbic system the limbic system the neocortical level the neocortical level

6. The Nervous System can be divided into: n the central nervous system (CNS) – brain and – spinal cord n the peripheral nervous system (PNS) – consists of all neural pathways to the extremities

7. The vegetative level n the lowest level of the brain is comprised of the: – reticular formation – brain stem

8. Reticular activating system (RAS) n The RAS is the link connecting the brain to the spinal cord. n Several stress physiologists believe that this is the bridge joining the mind and the body as one; n this organ functions as a communi- cation link between the mind and the body.

9. The brain stem n The brain stem, comprised of the pons, medulla oblongata, and mesencephalon, is responsible for involuntary functions of the human body such as: n heart beat – respiration – and vasomotor activity

10. The limbic system n The limbic system is the emotional control center and comprised of the: – thalamus – hypothalamus – pituitary gland » also known as the master endocrine gland n These three glands work in unison to maintain a level of homeostasis

11. The neocortical level n The neocortex is the highest level of the brain. n It is at this level that sensory information is processed as a threat or a non-threat and where cognition takes place. n This higher level of the brain can override a lower level and can influence emotional responses.

12. Physiological systems involved in the stress response: À the nervous system Á the endocrine system  the immune system

13. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) n The ANS regulates visceral activities and vital organs, including: – circulation, – digestion, – respiration, and – temperature regulation

14. Two branches of the ANS that act to maintain homeostatic balance n the sympathetic n parasympathetic

15. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

16. Sympathetic nervous system: n is responsible for the responses associated with the fight-or-flight response n this physical arousal is stimulated through the release of catecholamines – epinephrine (adrenaline) – norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

17. Parasympathetic nervous system n maintains homeostasis through the release of acetylcholine (ACh) n is responsible for energy conservation and relaxation

18. The endocrine system n consists of a series of glands located throughout the body which regulate metabolic functions that require endurance rather than speed n the endocrine system is a network of four components – glands, hormones, circulation, and target organs

19. Endocrine system n the glands most closely involved with the stress response are the: – pituitary, – thyroid, and – adrenal glands

20. The nervous system and the endocrine system n join together to form metabolic pathways or axes. n there are three pathways: – the ACTH axis – the vasopressin axis, and – the thyroxine axis

21. The ACTH pathways stimulation of sensory nerves stressor hypothalamus pituitary ACTH adrenal glands stress hormones cortisol aldosterone epinephrine

22. Three stages of effects associated with the stress response n Immediate effects of stress n Intermediate effects of stress n Prolonged effects of stress

23. Immediate effects of stress n sympathetic nervous response n epinephrine and nor-epinephrine released n time - 2 to 3 seconds n like a phone call

24. Intermediate effects of stress n adrenal response n epinephrine and nor-epinephrine release from adrenal medulla n time- 20 to 30 seconds n like a telegram

25. Prolonged effects of stress n ACTH, vasopressin and thyroxine affect various metabolic processes n time - minutes, hours, days or weeks n like an “overnight delivery”

26. Immediate effects Intermediate effects Prolonged effects Phone call Western Union telegram Overnight delivery Immediate, intermediate, and prolonged effects of stress