1. Unit 3

2.  For the past four decades, largest proportional increases in any ethnic minority group in the U.S.  76 percent growth for the decade 1990 to 2000  Growth in major urban areas such as New York City, Los Angeles, San Jose, San Francisco, Honolulu, San Diego, Chicago, Houston, and Seattle  Highest citizenship rates among all foreign-born groups (52 percent are naturalized citizens)

3.  Contraction of two terms  Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders  Self-designation preferred over “Oriental”  Refers to 40 ethnic or cultural groups or more

4. BangladeshiBelauanBhutaneseBruneian Cambodian Chamorro ChineseFijian Hawaiian Hmong IndianIndonesian Japanese KiribatiKoreanLaotian MalaysianMaldivianMarshallese Microne MongolianMyanmareseNauruanNepales Ni-VanuatuOkinawanPakistani Pilipino SamoanSingaporeanSri Lankan Tahitian TaiwaneseTibetanTongan Thai TuvaluanVietnameseSaipan Carolinian Solomon Islander

5.  “Oriental” is considered offensive  Asian/Pacific is government designation  Groups prefer specific designation  Use of slurs or racial epithets are unacceptable

6. 1.All alike due to similarities 2.Successful “model” or “super minority” 3.Viewed as “foreign” terrorists because of their religious affiliation or cultural dress 4.Misunderstanding cultural differences and practices

7.  Very strong ties to extended family—three to four generations in same house  Culture shock leads to clannish behavior (e.g., Chinatowns, Koreatowns, etc.)  Father is the head of the household  Husband and wife both work outside of home  Very strong ties to extended family—three to four generations in same house  Culture shock leads to clannish behavior (e.g., Chinatowns, Koreatowns, etc.)  Father is the head of the household  Husband and wife both work outside of home

8.  Children care for each other  Latchkey children are common  Often serve as translators  Direct communication to parent or adult

9.  Underestimated and under-reported  Why?  Tjaden and Thoennes (2000)—12.8 percent reported being physically assaulted and 3.8 percent reported rape  Abraham (2000) —Community-Agency survey found over 1,000 South Asian women sought help for abuse and family violence

10.  National Asian Women’s Health Organization (2002) found 16 percent of respondents reported pressure to have sex and 27 percent reported emotional abuse  1996 Chicago study of 150 Korean immigrant women — 60 percent reported being battered  37 percent being battered once a month

11.  Officers must take time to get information from witnesses, victims, and suspects  Strong family and group orientation  Considered “rude” and “loss of face” to say “no” to authority

12.  High context in communication style— Key context and background important  Eye contact, gestures, and other nuances  May not display emotions as expected

13.  Underreporting of Crimes  Differential Treatment

14.  Asian/Pacific American communities gaining trust with criminal justice system  Community policing in local neighborhoods by Asian/Pacific American officers  Recruiting aggressively and increasing Asian/Pacific American peace officers

15.  Getting positive cooperation from the community  Increasing the number of bilingual/bicultural peace officers  Building community relationships and networks

16.  Perpetrated by others within the same group  Human trafficking highlighted as major problem  Cooperation with worldwide police agencies in six countries (Cambodia, China, Laos, Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam)